No abstract available.
Child ; Male ; Female ; Humans

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn

Authors retrospectively analyzed ultrasonographic findings of 12 cases of breast carcinomas which were proven pathologically at Yeungnam University Hospital from March 1992 to August 1992. Classically, breast carcinomas were described as irregular and lobulated hypoechoic solid masses with inhomogeneous internal echoes and frequent attenuation of the sound beam. And other additional ultrasonographic findings were echogenic rim, disruptions of superficial layer, microcalcification, skin thickening and so on. In our studies, not all of these findings of breast carcinomas were found in each case, but most of these findings were noted. However, several studies have demonstrated considerable overlap in the ultrasonographic appearance of benign lesions and carcinoma. Thus, accurate sonographic determination of the type of solid mass is not possible with current ultrasonographic imaging techniques and criteria. For more accurate diagnosis of breast lesions, sonographic and other imaging techniques are interpreted together.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

No abstract available.
Drinking*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Leukemia*

Among infants and toddlers with chronic frequent loose stool, normal frequent and loose stool (NFLS) is more common than diarrheal illness with dehydration and nutritional deficiency (DIDN). To identify more objective factors for differentiating between NFLS and DIDN is important. The frequency, mucus content, and microbiological findings of stools, as well as diaper dermatitis are not important factors to significantly differentiate the groups. Instead, a failure to gain weight, fever, colic/abdominal pain, gross blood in stool (except allergic proctocolitis), nocturnal stool, and the score of the stool quantity are important factors to significantly differentiate the groups. A failure to gain weight is also observed even in NFLS, which may come from iatrogenic diet manipulation with nutritionally deficient food. The most objective differential factors are nocturnal stool and the score of stool amount (> or =7 points/day). The use of these objective factors could lessen parental anxiety and distress, iatrogenic undernutrition of patients, and socioeconomic loss due to improper medical investigations or inappropriate management of NFLS.
Anxiety ; Chronic Disease ; Dehydration ; Dermatitis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diarrhea ; Diet ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant ; Malnutrition ; Mucus ; Parents

In the process of medical care of acute diarrhea in children, two pathophysiologic aspects should be considered: dehydration associated with electrolyte imbalance, and nutritional disorder. It is important to continue to provide foods easy to digest with appropriate recipes from the early stage after a remedy of dehydration using oral rehydration solution or intravenous fluid therapy according to patients' condition. Nil per os or diluted diet can slow the recovery of an intestinal function and lengthen the diarrheal period. Although the damage on the intestinal mucosa occurs from various causes, the gastrointestinal mucosa maximizes absorbing capacity by expanding the area of a surface. Early oral-feeding contributes to restoring mucosa favorably and thus facilitates a rapid improvement of symptoms. Breast-feeding should continue to be performed in the midst of rehydration, and lactose-containing regular cow's milk formula is recommended for cow's milk-fed patients after rehydration. In mild or severe acute diarrhea, administering probiotics in conjunction with feeding is expected to shorten the diarrheal period.
Child ; Dehydration ; Diarrhea ; Diet ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Milk ; Mucous Membrane ; Nutrition Disorders ; Probiotics

No abstract available.
Diarrhea

Failure to thrive (FTT) is a term used to describe growth failure in infants and toddlers. The three categories of FTT are based on anthropometric measurements of weight, length, and head circumference for age. Type 1 FTT is the failure to gain weight due mainly to inadequate nutrition. Type 2 FTT is a clinical condition associated with short stature induced by endocrine or genetic factors. Type 3 FTT results from chromosome anomalies or central nervous system abnormalities. Pediatric endocrinologists may be involved in treating patients with short stature of type 2 FTT. Pediatric gastroenterologists may be interested in patients with malnutrition of type 1 FTT, and pediatric psychologists may play a major roll in treating those with non-organic FTT or feeding disorders. This review introduces a new paradigm of clinical approaches to FTT in infants and toddlers to emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary clinical approaches to FTT.
Central Nervous System ; Failure to Thrive ; Head ; Humans ; Infant ; Malnutrition