Pain management is a major issue in caring of cancer patients. Because pain management cancer patient of does not control effectively. it is important to educate reporting pain and using analgesics for having cancer patient's concerns and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of cancer pain management education on the pain and concerns of pain management in cancer patients. This study was a quasi-experimental as nonequivalent control pretest-post test design. The subjects of this study consisted of 50 (experimental group 25. control group 25) patients hospitalized in K university hospital in Busan. The data were collected from December 1. 2001 to April 12. 2002. The measurement tool for the concerns of pain management had used questionnaires interpretated by Kim(1999) developed by based Ward(1993) and pain nominal scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency. percentage. mean, SD. chi2test, t-test, ANCOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The 1st hypothesis: The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in the score of pain was not supported (p>0.05). 2. The 2nd hypothesis: The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in concerns of pain management was supported (F=5.285, p 0.01). In conclusion. the cancer pain management education can know what was effective to decrease in the concerns of pain management in cancer patients. Therefore. Pain Management Education must be positively utilized in clinical situation.
Analgesics ; Anxiety ; Busan ; Education* ; Humans ; Pain Management* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Muscle Strength*

The purpose of this study was to measure the polymerization shrinkage and hygroscopic expansion of resin-based temporary filling materials and to evaluate microleakage at the interface between the materials and cavity wall. Five resin-based temporary filing materials were investigated: Fermit (Vivadent), Quicks (Dentkist), Provifil (Promedica), Spacer (Vericom), Clip (Voco). Caviton (GC) was also included for comparison. Polymerization shrinkage of five resin-based temporary filling materials was measured using the bonded disc method. For the measurement of hygroscopic expansion, the discs of six cured temporary filling materials were immersed in saline and a LVDT displacement sensor was used to measure the expansion for 7 days. For estimating of microleakage, Class I cavities were prepared on 120 extracted human molars and randomly assigned to 6 groups of 20 each. The cavities in each group were filled with six temporary filling materials. All specimens were submitted to 1000 thermo-cycles, with temperature varying from 5degrees C/55degrees C. Microleakage was determined using a dye penetration test. The results were as follows: 1. Fermit had significantly less polymerization shrinkage than the other resin-based temporary filling materials. Fermit (0.22 %) < Spacer (0.38 %) < Quicks (0.64 %), Provifil (0.67 %), Clip (0.67 %) 2. Resin-based temporary filling materials showed 0.43 - 1.1 % expansion in 7 days. 3. Fermit showed the greatest leakage, while Quicks exhibited the least leakage. 4. There are no correlation between polymerization shrinkage or hygroscopic expansion and microleakage of resin-based temporary filling materials.
Calcium Sulfate ; Dental Cements ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Humans ; Molar ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Polymethacrylic Acids ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Vinyl Compounds ; Zinc Oxide

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to observe the change in the viscoelastic properties of thermoplasticized injectable root canal filling materials as a function of temperature and to compare the handling characteristics of these materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three commercial gutta perchas and Resilon (Pentron Clinical Technologies) in a pellet form were heated in the Obtura-II system (Obtura Spartan) at 140degrees C and 200degrees C, and the extrusion temperature of the thermoplasticized materials was measured. The viscoelastic properties of the materials as a function of temperature were evaluated using a rheometer. The elastic modulus G', viscous modulus G", loss tangent tandelta, and complex viscosity eta* were determined. The phase transition temperature was determined by both the rheometer and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The consistency of the materials was compared under compacting pressure at 60degrees C and 40degrees C by a squeeze test. RESULTS: The three gutta perchas had dissimilar profiles in viscoelastic properties with varying temperature. The phase transition of softened materials into solidification occurred at 40degrees C to 50degrees C, and the onset temperatures obtained by a rheometer and a DSC were similar to each other. The onset temperature of phase transition and the consistency upon compaction pressure were different among the materials (p < 0.05). Resilon had a rheologically similar pattern to the gutta perchas, and was featured between high and low-flow gutta perchas. CONCLUSIONS: The rheological characteristics of the thermoplasticized root canal filling materials changed under a cooling process. The dissimilar viscoelastic properties among the materials require different handling characteristics during an injecting and compacting procedure.
Elastic Modulus ; Gutta-Percha ; Handling (Psychology) ; Hot Temperature ; Phase Transition ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Viscosity

A dedifferentiated liposarcoma is a uncommon neoplasm characterized by the coexistence of a well-differentiated liposarcoma and non-lipogenic sarcomas. A peculiar neural-like or meningothelial-like whorling pattern of dedifferentiation has recently been reported. We report a case of dedifferentiated liposarcoma with a peculiar whorling pattern in the scrotum of a 76-year-old man. Histologically, the tumor consisted of areas of a well differentiated liposarcoma admixed with areas of a morphologically non-lipogenic sarcoma. The whorls were scattered throughout the tumor. The cells in the whorls and dedifferentiated area showed a significant nuclear PCNA and p53 protein reactivity.
Aged ; Humans ; Liposarcoma* ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Sarcoma ; Scrotum

BACKGROUND: No-reflow is a specific type of vascular damage occuring when removal of coronary occlusion dose not lead to restoration of coronary flow. There are three major explanations for the no-reflow phenomenon such as endothelial cell edema, microvascular plugging by platelets or thrombi and coronary occlusion by ischemic contracture of the myocardium. But detailed mechanisms of no-reflow phenomenon are not known. The objects of this study are to elucidate the possibility whether elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration during ischemic cardioplegic period is mechanism of no-reflow phenomenon or not. METHODS: Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration were measured under varying experimental condition. Free [Ca2+] in the cytosole [Ca2+]i of single rabbit coronary artery cells was measured with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, Fura-2. RESULTS: Resting [Ca2+]i was 134.2+/-34 nM (n=43). When single cells were perfused with cardioplegic or ischemic cardioplegic solution, [Ca2+]i was significantly increased and degree of [Ca2+]i elevation was further augmented by ischemic cardioplegic solution. Pretreatment of sarcoplasmic reticulum emptying agent (20mM caffeine) had no effect on cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i change, but application of Ca2+ channel blocker (5x10-7M nifedipine) or an antagonist of Na+/Ca2+ exchange (5mM Ni2+ ) partially (nifedipine) or completely (nickel) inhibited the [Ca2+]i elevation. Pretreament of caffeine had no effect on ischemic cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i change, but application of nifedipine or nickel partially inhibited the [Ca2+]i elevation. Magnitude of ischemic cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was dependent on the Ca2+ concentration of perfusate from 0 to 2.5mM. When Ni2+ was added to reperfusion solution, recovery of ischemic cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was very rapid compared with control. CONCLUSIONS: From the above results, it may be speculated that ischemic cardioplegia-induced [Ca2+]i elevation may act as one of the mechanism of no-reflow phenomenon in rabbit coronary artery.
Caffeine ; Cardioplegic Solutions ; Coronary Occlusion ; Coronary Vessels* ; Cytosol* ; Edema ; Endothelial Cells ; Fura-2 ; Ischemic Contracture ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Myocardium ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle* ; Nickel ; Nifedipine ; No-Reflow Phenomenon ; Reperfusion ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

BACKGROUND: This prospective cohort study was carried out to investigate the relation of lifestyle variables to total mortality in residents aged 60-64 of a rural community in Korea. METHODS: A total of 1,042 residents was interviewed by face-to-face survey for baseline data collection in 1996 and 955 residents were successfully followed up until April 2002, among which 91 died. RESULTS: In univariate logistic regression, consumption of cigarette per day, duration of smoking, status of smoking, frequency of drinking per month, status of drinking, average duration of TV watching per day and average duration of sleeping were statistically significant, predicting total mortality. None of the variables reflecting leisure-time physical activities were statistically significant. Adjusting for sex, age, education, current as well as past chronic diseases history, and limitation of daily living with multiple logistic regression, those smoking more than 40 years and current smokers showed reduced, but statistically significant RRs, 1.89 (95% CI 1.05-3.41) and 1.82 (95% CI 1.01-3.25), respectively. Sleeping more than 10 hours a day showed RR, 2.41 (95% CI 1.11-5.22). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that some lifestyle variables, smoking and sleeping were predictive of total mortality while drinking, TV watching and leisure-time physical activities were not.
Chronic Disease ; Cohort Studies* ; Data Collection ; Drinking ; Education ; Korea ; Life Style* ; Logistic Models ; Mortality* ; Motor Activity ; Prospective Studies ; Rural Population* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Products

The aim of this study was to develop a method for measuring the slumping resistance of resin composites and to relate it to the rheological characteristics. Five commercial hybrid composites (Z100, Z250, DenFil, Tetric Ceram, ClearFil) and a nanofill composite (Z350) were used to make disc-shaped specimens of 2 mm thickness. An aluminum mold with square shaped cutting surface was pressed onto the composite discs to make standardized imprints. The imprints were light-cured either immediately (non-slumped) or after waiting for 3 minutes at 25degrees C (slumped). White stone replicas were made and then scanned for topography using a laser 3-D profilometer. Slumping resistance index (SRI) was defined as the ratio of the groove depth of the slumped specimen to that of the non-slumped specimen. The pre-cure viscoelasticity of each composite was evaluated by an oscillatory shear test and normal stress was measured by a squeeze test using a rheometer. Flow test was also performed using a flow tester. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the viscoelastic properties and the SRI. SRI varied between the six materials (Z100 < DenFil < Z250 < ClearFil < Tetric Ceram < Z350). The SRI was strongly correlated with the viscous (loss) shear modulus G' but not with the loss tangent. Also, slumping resistance was more closely related to the resistance to shear flow than to the normal stress. Slumping tendency could be quantified using the imprint method and SRI. The index may be applicable to evaluate the clinical handling characteristics of composites.
Aluminum ; Chimera ; Composite Resins ; Fungi ; Handling (Psychology) ; Humans ; Ointments ; Polymethacrylic Acids ; Rheology

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fiber direction on the polymerization shrinkage of fiber-reinforced composite. The disc-shaped flowable composite specimens (d = 10 mm, h = 2 mm, Aeliteflo A2, Bisco, Inc., IL, USA) with or without glass fiber bundle (X-80821P Glass Fiber, Bisco, Inc., IL, USA) inside were prepared, and the longitudinal and transversal polymerization shrinkage of the specimens on radial plane were measured with strain gages (Linear S-series 350omega, CAS, Seoul, Korea). In order to measure the free polymerization shrinkage of the flowable composite itself, the disc-shaped specimens (d = 7 mm, h = 1 mm) without fiber were prepared, and the axial shrinkage was measured with an LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) displacement sensor. The cross-section of the polymerized specimens was observed with a scanning electron microscope to examine the arrangement of the fiber bundle in composite. The mean polymerization shrinkage value of each specimen group was analyzed with ANOVA and Scheffe post-hoc test (alpha=0.05). The radial polymerization shrinkage of fiber-reinforced composite was decreased in the longitudinal direction of fiber, but increased in the transversal direction of fiber (p<0.05). We can conclude that the polymerization shrinkage of fiber-reinforced composite splint or restoratives is dependent on the direction of fiber.
Barium Compounds ; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate ; Composite Resins ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Electrons ; Glass ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Silicon Dioxide ; Splints ; Sprains and Strains

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of glycerin topical application on the surface hardness of composite after curing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A composite (Z-250, 3M ESPE) was packed into a disc-shaped brass mold and light cured according to one of the following protocols. Group 1 (control) was exposed to air and light cured for 40 sec, group 2 was covered with a Mylar strip and light cured for 40 sec, group 3 was surface coated with glycerin and light cured for 40 sec, and group 4 was exposed to air and light cured for 20 sec and then surface coated with glycerin and cured for additional 20 sec. Twenty specimens were prepared for each group. The surface hardnesses of specimens were measured with or without polishing. Five days later, the surface hardness of each specimen was measured again. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. RESULTS: The surface hardnesses of the unpolished specimens immediately after curing decreased in the following order: group 2 > 3 > 4 > 1. For the polished specimens, there was no significant difference among the groups. Within the same group, the hardness measured after five days was increased compared to that immediately after curing, and the polished specimens showed greater hardness than did the unpolished specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The most effective way to increase the surface hardness of composite is polishing after curing. The uses of a Mylar strip or glycerin topical application before curing is recommended.
Copper ; Fungi ; Glycerol ; Hardness ; Light ; Polyethylene Terephthalates ; Zinc