No abstract available.
Mood Disorders* ; Risperidone*

To examine the double-faced thymoleptic(antidepressant and antimanic) effects of risperidone in mood disorders, this article reviews the psychotropic-induced mania, thymoleptic effects of antipsychotics, therapeutic effects of risperidone(RIS)-induced mania(RIM) in mood disorders, risk factors of RIM, possible neurochemical mechanism of these thymoleptic effects, pathophysiological and clinical significance of thymoleptic effects, and suggestive clinical guideline of RIS in mood disorders. RIS appeared effective for bipolar disorder at a lower dose than that recommended for schizophrenia, especially in the cased of maintenance of mood stabilizers, and gradual titration from low doses. Manic induction/exacerbation can occur by chance during RIS treatment in mood disorders, schizoaffective disorders, and schizophrenias. The possible risk factors for RIM are refractory mood disorder, especially in bipolar I disorder with poor initial response ; refractory chronic schizophrenias, especially with initial response ; psychotic features ; higher initial doses ; rapid titration ; combined therapy with antidepressants in refractory depression ; and RIS monotherapy in mania/hypomania. RIS is a drug that preferentially block 5-HT2 receptors. The effect of low dose are due mainly to the blockade of 5-HT2 receptors. There are more gradual increase in D2 blockade with increasing dose and the D2 blocking properties become apparent at higher doses. This may be related to a modulation of dopaminergic transmission by 5-HT2 antagonism at lower doses with the direct action of RIS on DA receptors coming into play at higher dose. The serotonergic antagonistic effect may be important for its effects on depressive symptoms. This, together with adequate blockade of D2 receptors, may not necessarily lead to destabilization of mood disorder, but rather to more therapeutic effects. Therefore, this dose-receptor affinity relationship with both antidepressant and antimanic effects according to treatment duration can explain a continuum of antidepressant effect, antimanic effect, behavioral stimulation, and manic/hypomanic induction/exacerbation. It was the recognition of a useful psychiatric side effects by a thoughtful observer with fertile minds that led to their ultimate utilization as psychotropic drugs, i.e., phenothiazine, MAOI, TCA, and lithium. And, in vivo pharmacological challenge by novel psychotropics, as a neruochemical probe, with more specific actions is a useful tool to select pharmacologically homogeneous subgroup of the same phenotypical(clinical) condition, to further study the unknown underlying pathogenesis of various mental illnesses. Finally, RIS may be a useful alternative or adjunctive drug for patients with mood disorders without psychotic features or refractory to treatment with standard antipsychotic drugs. The more conservative doses(tirated slowly from 1-3mg/d) of RIS, and maintenance of mood stabilizer in the cases. with risk factors of RIM are recommended in mood disorder.
Antidepressive Agents ; Antimanic Agents ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Bipolar Disorder ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant ; Humans ; Lithium ; Mood Disorders* ; Psychotic Disorders ; Psychotropic Drugs ; Risk Factors ; Risperidone* ; Schizophrenia

No abstract available.
Enterobacteriaceae* ; Starvation*

In order to evaluate the safe ligation time and sites of dural venous sinuses during neurosurgical operation, systemic arterial pressure(SAP), cerebral perfusion perssure(CPP), intracranial pressure (ICP) and intrasinal pressure(ISP) were measured in cats through neuromonitor before and after obstruction of anterior 1/3, middle 1/3, posterior 1/3 of the superior sagittal sinus and the results were as follows. There were no significant increases of pressures after obstruction of anterior 1/3 of the superior sagittal sinus. In the obstructed middle 1/3 of the superior sagittal sinus group, signifi6int increases were seen un the m-SAP within 2, 4 and 6 minutes, the m-ICP within 2-7 minutes, the r.i-ISP within 14 minutes after obstruction. In the -obstructed posterior 1/3 of the superior sagittal sinus group, there were significant increases of m-SAP within 2, 4 and 6 minutes, the m-ICP within 27 minutes, the m-ISP within 13 minutes. In the obstructed Torcular Herophili,group, there were significant increases of the m-SAP within 1-2 and 4-7 minutes, the m-ICP within 36 minutes and the m-ISP within 1-7 minuted and less significant dercreases of the m-CPP within 5-7 minutes after obstruction. In the obstructed right transverse sinus group, significant increases of the m-ICP and the m-ISP were seen within 1-7 minutes after obstruction. there were no remarkable changes in the obstructed left transverse sinus group.
Animals ; Arterial Pressure* ; Cats* ; Intracranial Pressure* ; Ligation ; Perfusion* ; Superior Sagittal Sinus ; United Nations

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Over the years, resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) have gone through substantial development and refinement. Several studies examined the biomechanics of tooth preparation and framework design in relation to the success rate of RBFPDs and considered retention and resistance form essential for increase of clinical retention. However, these criteria required preparations to be more invasive, which violates not only the original intentions of the RBFPD, but may also have an adverse effect on retention due to loss of enamel, an important factor in bonding. PURPOSE: The object of this in vitro study was to compare the dislodgement resistance of the new types of RBFPDs, the conventional three-unit fixed partial denture, and conventional design of RBFPD (Maryland bridge). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty resin mandibular left second premolars and second molars were prepared on dentiforms, according to the RBFPD design. After model fabrication (five group, n = 10), prostheses were fabricated and cemented with zinc phosphate cement. After cementation, the specimens were subjected to tensile loading at a cross head speed of 4 mm/min in a universal testing machine. The separation load was recorded and analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test. RESULTS: Group V, the pin-retained RBFPDs, had the highest mean dislodgement resistance, whereas specimens of group II, the conventional RBFPDs, exhibited a significantly lower mean dislodgement resistance compared to the other 4 groups (P < .05). There were no significant differences between group I, III, and IV in terms of dislodgement resistance (P > .05). Group V had the highest mean MPa (N/mm2) (P < .05). There was no significant difference between groups I, II, III and IV (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Within the limits of the design of this in vitro study, it was concluded that: 1. The modified RBFPDs which utilizes the original tooth undercuts and requires no tooth preparation, compared with the conventional design of RBFPDs, has significantly high dislodgement resistance (P < .05). 2. The modified RBFPDs which utilizes the original tooth undercuts and requires minimal tooth preparation, compared with the conventional FPDs, has significantly no difference in retention and dislodgement resistance)(P > .05). 3. The pin-retained FPDs showed a high dislodgement resistance compared to the conventional three-unit FPDs (P < .05).
Bicuspid ; Biomechanics ; Cementation ; Collodion ; Dental Enamel ; Denture, Partial, Fixed ; Head ; Intention ; Molar ; Phosphates ; Prostheses and Implants ; Retention (Psychology) ; Tooth ; Tooth Preparation ; Zinc Compounds ; Zinc Phosphate Cement

CT scan has recently revolutionized diagnostic pediatric neurology. Thus the magnitude of childhood stroke may be larger than that of previously realized. The early recognition and treatment of major risk factors become important in order to prevent stroke in children. We have experienced 7 cases of childhood stroke which were confirmed by CT scan.
Child* ; Humans ; Neurology ; Risk Factors ; Stroke* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Erythema multiforme(EM) is related disorders of skin and mucous members which is typically associated with antecedent medications or infections, etc. EM is an erythematous maculopapular cutaneous eruption of variable form. However, the pathophysiology of the EM remains obscure. Treatment at present is symptomatic and supportive. In conclusion, the authors report two cases of EM that complained of the erythematous maculopapular cutaneous eruption following antibiotics treatment with the review of literatures.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Erythema Multiforme* ; Erythema* ; Skin

No abstract available.
Animals ; Macrophages, Peritoneal* ; Mice*

Author observed clinically and epidemiologically total 60cases of neonatal tetanus who were admitted to the department of pediatrics, Pusan children hospital from Jan. 1974. To Aug. 1979, and reviewed literatures The following results were obtained. 1) The annual incidence of neonatal tetanus has been increased and over all mortality rate was 50.0%. 2) Sex incidence revealed that males predominated in a proportion of 2.2:1. 3) The peak incidence of a year was noted between July and October 4) Residence of patients distributed all over the Pusan city, Korea. 5) Most of the patients (98.3%) were delivered at home and umbilical cords were cut by unsteralized home scissors(90%) 6) Average incubation period was 6 days and peak incidence was noted between 4 and 6 days of life. 7) The patients whose body weight below 2500 gm on admission had poor prognosis. 8) The typical signs of neonatal tetanus such as sucking failure, trismus, convulsion, rigidity and irritability were observed in all patients. 9) The patients whose WBC counts on peripheral blood above 25,000/mm3 had high mortality rate(80%). 10) Most of the patients who survived for 8 th hospital days were recovered. 11) The average period of N-G tube feeding in recovered patients was 21 days.
Body Weight ; Busan ; Child ; Enteral Nutrition ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Mortality ; Pediatrics ; Prognosis ; Seizures ; Tetanus* ; Trismus ; Umbilical Cord