Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; therapy ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; Mouth Floor

Nanoparticles have attracted intense attention and interests in the fields of science and medical industry in recent years due to their unique chemical and physical properties that may provide new solutions to the diagnoses and therapies of some intractable diseases. It has been recognized that the nanoparticles' features including small dimensions, modifiability, diversification, and so on would play revolutionary roles in early detection and diagnosis of diseases, in tumor-specific killing, pathogen ridding and gene restoring, and would provide some new approaches in molecular imaging, targeting delivery of gene or drugs, immune regulating, etc. This review is focusing on the study progress of nanoparticle technologies in immune regulating, anti-tumor immune therapies, anti-tumor targeting therapies and new vaccine development. Also the possible mechanisms by which nanoparticles enter into cells to participate in immune therapies are discussed on the basis of references.
Humans ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; trends ; Nanoparticles ; Neoplasms ; therapy

China ; Humans ; Sublingual Immunotherapy ; adverse effects ; methods

Cancer Vaccines ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; methods ; Neoplasms ; therapy

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in T cell-mediated immunity and have been shown to induce strong antitumor immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Various approaches utilizing different vaccine cell formats, cell numbers, vaccination schedule, site of vaccination and maturation stages of DCs were investigated worldwide. While clinical trials have demonstrated the safety of such strategies, the clinical outcome was less than expected in most cases. This is due to in part host immunodeficiency imposed by tumors and immunoediting of tumor cells. To overcome these obstacles, new approaches to improve DC-mediated immunotherapeutic strategies are under investigation. First, functional enhancement of monocyte-derived DCs can be generated with using flt3-ligand (FL). Second, diverse antigenic determinants from heat shock-treated tumor cells may improve the immunogenicity of DC-based vaccines. Third, inclusion of ex vivo expanded NK/NKT cells in DC-based vaccines could be beneficial since the bidirectional interaction of these two cell types are known to enhance NK cell effector function and to induce DC maturation. Application of these approaches may induce a broadened antitumor immune response and thereby promote the elimination of tumor antigen-negative variant clones that had escaped immunosurveillance or undergone immunoediting. We are currently examining the feasibility of these immunotherapeutic approaches using a murine pancreatic cancer model system.
Animals ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/*methods/*standards ; Neoplasms/*therapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated unparalleled clinical responses and revolutionized the paradigm of tumor treatment, while substantial patients remain unresponsive or develop resistance to ICIs as a single agent, which is traceable to cellular metabolic dysfunction. Although dysregulated metabolism has long been adjudged as a hallmark of tumor, it is now increasingly accepted that metabolic reprogramming is not exclusive to tumor cells but is also characteristic of immunocytes. Correspondingly, people used to pay more attention to the effect of tumor cell metabolism on immunocytes, but in practice immunocytes interact intimately with their own metabolic function in a way that has never been realized before during their activation and differentiation, which opens up a whole new frontier called immunometabolism. The metabolic intervention for tumor-infiltrating immunocytes could offer fresh opportunities to break the resistance and ameliorate existing ICI immunotherapy, whose crux might be to ascertain synergistic combinations of metabolic intervention with ICIs to reap synergic benefits and facilitate an adjusted anti-tumor immune response. Herein, we elaborate potential mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance from a novel dimension of metabolic reprogramming in diverse tumor-infiltrating immunocytes, and related metabolic intervention in the hope of offering a reference for targeting metabolic vulnerabilities to circumvent immunotherapeutic resistance.
Humans ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVE: The safety of rush immunotherapy (RIT) in Chinese allergic rhinitis (AR)patients is unknown. The purpose of this prospective was to assess the safety differences between RIT and conventional immunotherapy in Chinese AR patients, and then discuss the clinical application feasibility of RIT. METHOD: A one-year study period was set for this study. The enrolled patients were divided into 2 groups according to their preference of therapy: RIT or conventional immunotherapy using standardized house dust mite allergen vaccine. For safety evaluation, the local and systemic adverse reactions were recorded throughout the both groups initial phase. Week 0 (W0), Week 2 (W2), Week 5 (W5), Week 17 (W17) were set as observation time points for leukotriene (LT-B4) and so on. The Generalized Mixed Linear Model with SPSS13. O and the chi-square test with SAS 9. 1.3 were used for Statistics. RESULT: Fifty-two cases were enrolled into the RIT group, of which 49 patients have completed the established treatment study, and 3 cases were lost to follow-up. In the conventional immunotherapy group, 35 cases were enrolled, of which 32 have completed established treatment study, and 3 cases were lost to follow-up. The local and systemic adverse events of AR RIT appeared to be similar to those of conventional therapy and LT-B4 was descended steadily in the two groups. CONCLUSION Processed in advance Chinesear with drugs, RIT is similar to the safety of conventional immunotherapy.
Humans ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; Linear Models ; Prospective Studies ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; therapy

The article describes immune disorder mechanisms of allergic rhinitis and the progress and clinical application status of the nonspecific immune therapy of allergic rhinitis, which can raise people's understanding about the nonspecific immune therapy of this disease.
Humans ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; therapy

Humans ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; Lung Neoplasms ; immunology ; therapy ; Vaccines ; therapeutic use

Recently immunotherapy for gastrointestinal tumor has rapidly developed, and has improved the effect of cancer comprehensive treatment as an adjunctive therapy in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Adoptive transfer of immune cells is an important treatment method for advanced gastric cancer. In this paper, we reviewed the application of adoptive transfer therapy for advanced gastric cancer in the perioperative period and propose a new model for immunotherapy of advanced gastric cancer based on our experience and the results of clinical experiment.
Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; methods ; Perioperative Care ; Stomach Neoplasms ; therapy