China ; Humans ; Sublingual Immunotherapy ; adverse effects ; methods

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have progressed rapidly over the past decade and have become one of the most promising oncology treatments. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors reduce T-cell tolerance and lead to a unique spectrum of immune-related adverse events (IRAE). IRAE can involve multiple systems, including endocrine, gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin systems and there is no predictive marker with high specificity and sensitivity. Mild IRAE can be alleviated by discontinuing immune checkpoint inhibitors while severe IRAEs require active intervention. The first-line treatment is glucocorticoids, and immunosuppressants can be considered in refractory cases. However the optimal choice of immunosuppressants is currently controversial. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology and possible mechanisms of immune-related adverse events, outlines some promising predictive biomarkers, and describes several immunotherapy-related organ toxicity and management.
Humans ; Immunologic Factors/adverse effects* ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects*

Child ; Contraindications ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; adverse effects ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; therapy

Humans ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy*

Immunotherapy has recently led to a paradigm shift in cancer therapy, in which immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the most successful agents approved for multiple advanced malignancies. However, given the nature of the non-specific activation of effector T cells, ICIs are remarkably associated with a substantial risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in almost all organs or systems. Up to 90% of patients who received ICIs combination therapy experienced irAEs, of which majority were low-grade toxicity. Cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors usually display distinct features of irAEs. In this review, the mechanisms of action of ICIs and how they may cause irAEs are described. Some unsolved challenges, however really engrossing issues, such as the association between irAEs and cancer treatment response, tumor response to irAEs therapy, and ICIs in challenging populations, are comprehensively summarized.
Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy*

Humans ; Consensus ; Hypersensitivity ; Desensitization, Immunologic/adverse effects* ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Allergens

While immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are effective and promising treatments for a variety of malignancies,they also have safety concerns,especially the immune-related adverse events(irAEs).Unlike the side effects of traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapy,irAEs are adverse events caused by immune activation after ICIs treatment and thus may involve almost every system of the body.Therefore,biomarkers for predicting irAEs after ICIs treatment are urgently needed.Here we review the currently available predictive biomarkers of irAEs.
Biomarkers ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy*

The era of tumor treatment has been revolutionized by the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, while immunotherapy benefits patients, it can also lead to immune-related adverse events that may affect multiple organs and systems throughout the body, potentially even posing a life-threatening risk. The diverse clinical manifestations and onset times of these adverse events further complicate their prediction and diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical characteristics and predicted biomarkers of adverse events related to inhibitors at immune checkpoints, in order to help clinicians evaluate drug risks and early warn adverse events.
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Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects*

Serum autoantibody markers have the advantages of easy specimen acquisition, simple detection technology and dynamic real-time monitoring. With the wide application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of malignant tumors, autoantibody markers in predicting tumor immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy and forecasting irAEs (immune related adverse events) show good prediction of potential. This review mainly focused on the progress of autoantibody markers in the prediction of therapeutic effect and the monitoring of irAE in tumor immunotherapy.
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Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Prognosis

China ; Consensus ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects* ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen ; T-Lymphocytes