No abstract available.
Anemia, Aplastic* ; Child* ; Humans ; Immunomodulation*

Sepsis is defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in tissues or in the blood. It can be accompanied by multi-organ failure and can potentially lead to death if not treated properly. The pathogenesis of sepsis is related not only to the activation of inflammatory pathways but also to an immunodepressed state. The modulation of the host response to infection has been studied as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in many preclinical investigations and clinical trials. However, there are several limitations of immunomodulators currently in use for those studies. A review of the major clinical trials of immunomodulatory therapies in sepsis provides a perspective on the reasons why such approaches have failed to show benefits. Above all, the criteria for patient inclusion have not considered the timing of administration of immunomodulators, the infected organisms, the site of infections, and the monitoring of immune competence. These might have contributed to the negative results of clinical trials conducted thus far. Therefore, future studies addressing these factors may demonstrate a beneficial role of immunomodulatory therapies in well-defined groups of patients with severe infection.
Humans ; Immunologic Factors* ; Immunomodulation ; Mental Competency ; Sepsis*

Recently, the role of vitamin D in immunomodulation has been studied and shown to be significantly associated with immune function. A causal relationship exists between vitamin D and innate and adaptive immunity to infections. Recent findings on the function of vitamin D may explain aspects of the pathophysiology of various allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and even chronic rhinosinusitis.
Adaptive Immunity ; Asthma ; Immunomodulation ; Rhinitis ; Vitamin D*

This article attempts to review the current understanding of non-surgical management of fungal rhinosinusitis. Fungal rhinosinusitis can be divided into an invasive or non-invasive form based on the clinical, radiologic, and histologic manifestations. For the proper management of acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis, antifungal medications, complete surgical debridement, and reversal of the underlying state of immune dysfunction are necessary. Antifungal medication and complete extirpation of the disease are required in the treatment of chronic invasive fungal sinusitis or granulomatous fungal sinusitis. Sinus fungal ball can be adequately treated through a complete surgical removal of the fungal ball and irrigation of the involved sinus. Post-operative antifungal therapy is rarely necessary unless the patient suffers from a compromised immune function. Treatment of an allergic fungal rhinosinusitis is marked by a high rate of recidivism. Earlier 'radical' surgery has currently been replaced with a combination of conservative surgery and medical therapy, including immunomodulation with corticosteroids or immunotherapy.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Debridement ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Immunotherapy ; Sinusitis*

Adjuvants can be defined as pharmacological and immunological components that are able to modify and/or enhance antigen-specific immune responses. Based on the interdisciplinary research between immunology and material science/engineering, various vaccine adjuvant materials have been developed. By rational design and engineering of antigen or adjuvant materials, immune-modulatory vaccine systems generated to activate immune system. Here, we review the current progress of bioengineered prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccine adjuvant for cancer and/or infectious disease, and discuss the prospect of future vaccine adjuvant materials.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Allergy and Immunology ; Communicable Diseases* ; Immune System ; Immunomodulation ; Immunotherapy*

The management of asthma focuses on the reduction of airway inflammation accompany with symptomatic care after recognition. Glucocorticosteroid is the most important drug to reduce airway inflammation, and it has been used inhaled, orally and systemically. New knowledge about the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma has made the development and clinical trial of target or immunomodulator therapy. It includes cytokine, cytokine blockers, specific cytokine receptor blocker, and immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides. These agents are thought to hold the promise for more beneficial outcomes in the future, although it showed limited therapeutic benefits only for patients, especially intractable or severe asthma, until now.
Asthma ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunomodulation ; Inflammation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Receptors, Cytokine

No abstract available.
Anemia, Aplastic* ; Bone Marrow Transplantation* ; Bone Marrow* ; Immunomodulation*

As allogeneic blood transfusion plays a role in clinical treatment effects, it also produces a number of immune-related side effects, such as the increased rate of postoperative infection, the rising relapse rate of malignant resection and so on. All those factors, such as CD200 surface molecule of allogeneic mononuclear cells, interleukin, sHLA and sFasL which are detached from the leukocyte surface during the period of storage, and serum bioactive molecules related to a certain degree with the occurrence of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). The clinical controlled trials, laboratory researches and animal models demonstrated that cloning deletion, induction of anergy and immune suppression are the three major mechanisms of TRIM. In this article, the research advances on mechanism of TRIM and the mediators inducing TRIM are reviewed.
Animals ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Immunosuppression ; Platelet Transfusion ; adverse effects ; Transfusion Reaction

Among the three treatment modalities of Graves' disease which include antithyroid drug (ATD), radioactive iodine and surgery, the ATD is most commonly preferred in Korea due to ease of use and definite curative effects on the thyrotoxic symptoms. However, several uncertainties about ATD remain: for example, the mechanism of actions on immune modulation, differences in the effects of drugs among individuals and associated factors in the view of remission. In recent years, long-term ATD treatment has been confirmed as an effective and safe therapy modality in adults, and several treatment guidelines have been released which accept long-term ATD therapy as an acceptable alternative to ablative therapy in Graves' patients. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the clinical role of ATD and emerging new antithyroid drugs focusing on immunomodulation.
Adult ; Antithyroid Agents ; Graves Disease ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Iodine ; Korea

Artemisinin was isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua for treating malaria. A series of derivatives,like dihydroartemisinin,artesunate,artemether,artether,had the same core chemical structure,and sesquiterpene lactone containing peroxide bridge constitute the basic chemical structure. Besides anti-malaria,artemisinin family drugs were found to ameliorate many different diseases,which have attracted wide attention in recent years. Among different diseases,artemisinin family drugs were found to have T lymphocytes immunomodulation effects,including activation,proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis and subsets function. Because T cell immunologic response is the key point of many diseases,and impact the pathogenic process,therapeutic effect and prognosis,the drug studies with it as the target have become hotspots in recent years. Studies of artemisinin family drug on T cell immunomodulation were still at the initial stage and involved in different disease; furthermore,T cell immune process involves complicated molecular mechanism,it is imperative to summarize the advance of current studies for further systematic explanation and exploration of their characteristics and mechanisms. This article will summarize the research progress of artemisinin family drugs for malaria,autoimmune disease,hypersensitivity reaction,tumor,schistosomiasis and AIDS relating to T cell immune modulation,so as to provide basic and professional reference for related research and application.
Antimalarials ; Artemisia annua ; Artemisinins/pharmacology* ; Immunomodulation ; T-Lymphocytes