A prospective study was carried out on 31 healthy individuals and 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis at the Military Hospital N0 103 and the Enterology Department of the Police Hospital N0 198. The results showed that: in the patient group, there were increases of number of white blood cells, and lymphocytes, as compared to the control group (p<0.001); there was also wide fluctuation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-), from 22.41 pg/ml to 1341.62pg/ml. 75% patients had concentration of rheumatoid factor RF≥8 IU/ml (positive). There were agreeable correlations between the number of lymphocytes T, Ta with lymphocytes B at rate r=0.64 (p<0.05); between the number and percentage of Ta-cell with serum concentration of rheumatoid factor (RF) in the patients at low level of r=0.24 and r=0.33
Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Immunologic Factors

The nature of immunoresponse is to protect of body from antigens, but excessive immunoresponse leads harmful and serious effects for body. The communosuppressive drugs were effective in the treatment of patients with renal transplantation, primary nephritic syndrome and pyelonephritis. However, the drugs cause many side and adverse effects such as infection. It should monitor clinical manifestations and examine periodical blood during the treatment to reduce the dose or interruption of the treatment.
Suppressor Factors, Immunologic ; Kidney Transplantation

20 patients with glomerular nephritis received a biopsy through the skin to study the histological lesion by photomicroscopy and the direct fluorescent immune including the electromicroscopic immune and super structure for some cases. Some lesion were classified by the photomicroscopy comprise the minimal lesion glomerular disease (46%), the glomerular nephritis with intervascular proliferation (35%); glomerular nephritis with membrane proliferation with reduction or increase of crescent cells (15%). The results of comparison of the photomicroscope with the direct fluorescent immune found 1 patient with the glomerular nephritis IgA. In addition to, there is a deposition of IgG, IgM and IgA accompanied with C19 and/or C3c in the basal membrane of the glomerular and membrane Bowman. These showed that pathology of glomerular has an immunopathological mechanism. The deposition of the immunological complexes in the glomerular helped the prognosis of the clinical correspond of old patients to the treatment
Immunologic Factors ; adult ; Nephrotic Syndrome

New information regarding the molecular mechanisms of allergic disorders has led to a variety of novel therapeutic approaches. This article briefly reviews the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases, discusses the rationale behind using immunomodulators in these diseases; and examines the therapeutic effects of immunomodulators on allergic diseases. There are a number of immunomodulators that have been developed for the treatment of allergic disorders. Some have looked very promising in pre-clinical trials, but have not shown significant benefits in human clinical trials thus indicating the disparity between mouse models and human asthma. This review focuses on immunomodulators that are in human clinical trials and not molecules in pre-clinical development.
Animals ; Asthma ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors ; Mice

Sepsis is defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in tissues or in the blood. It can be accompanied by multi-organ failure and can potentially lead to death if not treated properly. The pathogenesis of sepsis is related not only to the activation of inflammatory pathways but also to an immunodepressed state. The modulation of the host response to infection has been studied as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in many preclinical investigations and clinical trials. However, there are several limitations of immunomodulators currently in use for those studies. A review of the major clinical trials of immunomodulatory therapies in sepsis provides a perspective on the reasons why such approaches have failed to show benefits. Above all, the criteria for patient inclusion have not considered the timing of administration of immunomodulators, the infected organisms, the site of infections, and the monitoring of immune competence. These might have contributed to the negative results of clinical trials conducted thus far. Therefore, future studies addressing these factors may demonstrate a beneficial role of immunomodulatory therapies in well-defined groups of patients with severe infection.
Humans ; Immunologic Factors* ; Immunomodulation ; Mental Competency ; Sepsis*

T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domain (TIGIT) is a newly discovered immune checkpoint molecule, mainly expressed on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. By binding to cluster of differentiation 155 (CD155) and other ligands, it inhibits T cell and NK cell-mediated immune responses and affects the tumor microenvironment. Multiple preclinical studies have demonstrated that the TIGIT/CD155 pathway plays a role in a variety of solid and hematological tumors. Clinical trials investigating TIGIT inhibitors alone or in combination with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors for lung cancer are currently underway.
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Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Immunotherapy ; Thorax ; Immunologic Factors ; Receptors, Immunologic ; Tumor Microenvironment

Within the wide-ranging gamut of factors that comprise gene-environment interactions postulated to underlie schizophrenia, the crosstalk between environmental factors and feto-maternal immune components has been put forth as one of the important mechanisms that increase the risk towards schizophrenia in the offspring. Interestingly, immune factors have been shown to critically modulate the brain development during the prenatal stages. Moreover the past many decades, influential theoretical propositions and evidence base (albeit not unequivocally) have compellingly linked prenatal sex hormonal status to critically provoke long lasting immunological changes and subsequently affect developmental programming of cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia. In this review, we summarize the select perspectives emphasizing the role of neuroimmunoendocrine pathways in anomalous cerebral asymmetry in contemporary understanding of schizophrenia pathogenesis.
Brain ; Estrogens ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Immunologic Factors ; Schizophrenia*

Brucella is an intracellular pathogen that invades a host and settles in its immune cells; however, the mechanism of its intracellular survival is unclear. Modification of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) occurs in many cellular activities. E2 conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9) is the only reported ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that links the SUMO molecule with a target protein. Brucella's intracellular survival mechanism has not been studied with respect to SUMO-related proteins and Ubc9. Therefore, to investigate the relationship between Brucella melitensis 16M and SUMO, we constructed plasmids and cells lines suitable for overexpression and knockdown of SUMO1 and Ubc9 genes. Brucella 16M activated SUMO1/Ubc9 expression in a time-dependent manner, and Brucella 16M intracellular survival was inhibited by SUMO1/Ubc9 overexpression and promoted by SUMO1/Ubc9 depletion. In macrophages, Brucella 16M-dependent apoptosis and immune factors were induced by SUMO1/Ubc9 overexpression and restricted by SUMO1/Ubc9 depletion. We noted no effect on the expressions of SUMO1 and Ubc9 in B. melitensis 16M lipopolysaccharide-prestimulated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Additionally, intracellular survival of the 16M△VirB2 mutant was lower than that of Brucella 16M (p < 0.05). VirB2 can affect expression levels of Ubc9, thereby increasing intracellular survival of Brucella in macrophages at the late stage of infection. Collectively, our results demonstrate that B. melitensis 16M may use the VirB IV secretion system of Brucella to interact with SUMO-related proteins during infection of host cells, which interferes with SUMO function and promotes pathogen survival in host cells.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Brucella melitensis ; Brucella ; Immunologic Factors ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Plasmids

Humans ; Immunologic Factors ; Immunotherapy ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Tumor Microenvironment

Immunotherapy has opened a new era in cancer treatment. Drugs represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors have led to important breakthroughs in the treatment of various solid tumors, greatly improving the survival rate of cancer patients. Many types of immunotherapeutic drugs have become widely available; however, their efficacy is variable, and relatively few patients with advanced cancer experience life-altering durable survival, reflecting the complex and highly regulated nature of the immune system. The research field of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) still faces many challenges in pursuing the broader social goal of "curing cancer." Increasing attention has been paid to strengthening the understanding of the molecular or cellular drivers of resistance to immunotherapy, actively exploring more effective therapeutic targets, and developing combination therapy strategies. Here, we review the key challenges that have emerged in the era of CIT and the possible solutions or development directions to overcome these difficulties, providing relevant references for basic research and the development of modified clinical treatment regimens.
Combined Modality Therapy ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors ; Immunotherapy ; Neoplasms/therapy*