Aged ; Antigens, CD20 ; analysis ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; genetics ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral ; analysis ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta ; genetics ; Reed-Sternberg Cells ; metabolism ; pathology

No abstract available.
Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain* ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains* ; Immunoglobulins*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical significance of IgH and TCR gamma gene rearrangement in plasma free DNA in patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).

METHODSPlasma free DNA in 74 patients with NHL were extracted and identified by Globin gene. IgH (FR3A/VLJH), TCR gamma (TVG/TJX) clonal rearrangements were amplified by PCR and compared with results of mononuclear cell DNA and pathological biopsy sample DNA.

RESULTSPlasma free DNAs were successfully obtained from 58 cases (35 B-NHL and 23 T-NHL) of newly diagnostic, refractory and relapsed NHL out of total 74 patients (78.4%), but not found in the rest 16 patients in remission. Of 35 B-NHL cases, 31 showed IgH rearrangement (88.6%), and none with TCR gamma rearrangement; of 23 T-NHL cases, 8 showed TCR gamma rearrangement (34.8%), and 2 with IgH gene rearrangement synchronously. In comparison with the results of IgH and TCR gamma gene rearrangement in biopsy samples in 30 B-NHL cases, 26 cases in plasma free DNA (86.7%) and 24 in biopsy samples (80%) were positive (P > 0.05). In 20 T-NHL patients, 7 cases in plasma cell-free DNA (35%) and 6 cases in biopsy samples (30%) were positive (P >0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTumor-derived DNA could be detected in plasma from underlying cancer patients. For NHL patients, detecting IgH and TCR gamma gene rearrangement in plasma free DNA has the same clinical significance as in biopsy samples.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; DNA ; blood ; Female ; Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; genetics ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; blood ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Nanobodies are derived from the variable domain of the heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) that occur naturally in the serum of camels. Using nanobody-based probes, several imaging techniques such as radionuclide-based, optical and ultrasound have been employed for visualization of target expression in various disease models. Combined with application and clinical data of nanobody in molecular imaging in recent years, this paper introduces its application in the diagnosis of diseases and the future development as a novel molecular imaging tool.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Molecular Imaging ; methods ; Molecular Probes ; Nanotechnology

No abstract available.
Exons* ; Gene Rearrangement* ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains* ; Immunoglobulins* ; Leukemia, Lymphoid*

OBJECTIVETo assess the value of histologic examination, immunohistochemistry and gene rearrangement studies in the diagnosis and subtyping of lymphoma with bone marrow involvement (BMI).

METHODSSixty-two formalin fixed, paraffin embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens were studied. Immunohistochemical and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies were performed in each case.

RESULTSChronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) demonstrated mainly and interstitial infiltration by dysplastic lymphocytes, with intertrabecular nodular arrangement or in dispersion. Sometimes, pseudofollicles may be noted. A predominantly para- or intertrabecular infiltration by nodules of lymphoma cells was characteristic of follicle center cell lymphoma (FCL) cases. In most lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (LPL) cases, there was infiltration by small lymphocytes and plasma cells between bony trabeculae. In marginal zone cell lymphoma (MZL), vague inter- or para-trabecular nodules of polymorphic lymphoma cells with clear cytoplasm might be noted. Small to medium-sized dysplastic lymphocytes, with absence of paraimmunoblasts or pseudofollicles, were the most frequent findings in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) might be identified by the presence of distinct cell membrane and abundant clear cytoplasm, resulting in a "fried-egg" appearance. Tumor cells with large nuclei and eosinophilic nucleoli were characteristically seen in lymphomatosis diffusa (Hodgkin's disease, HD). In T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with BMI, dispersed or clusters of intertrabecular neoplastic lymphoid cells with clear cytoplasm and gyriform nuclei were often observed. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL), the tumor cells were large and isolated or arranged in diffuse pattern. Immunohistochemically, a panel of markers, including CD3 CD20, and CD79 are valuable for the differential diagnosis of T- and B-cell lymphomas. The neoplastic cells in MCL were cyclin D1- and CD5-positive, while BCL2- and CD10-positivity was characteristic for FCL. CLL/SLL cells might be stained with CD5 and CD23, in addition to CD20 and CD79. CD25 expression might be noted in HCL: the positivity for CD15, CD30 and fascin suggests HD. There was a higher positivity rate for IgH gene rearrangement in CLL/SLL, LPL MZL and DLBL (80%, 60%, 66.7%, 70% respectively) and for T- cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement in T-cell lymphoma (66.7%).

CONCLUSIONA combination of histopathology, immunohistochemistry and IgH / T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement studies may be of aid to the diagnosis and subtyping of lymphoma with BMI, especially if there is only a small number of tumor cells present in the specimen.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bone Marrow ; chemistry ; pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Gene Rearrangement ; Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; genetics ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell ; pathology ; Lymphoma ; classification ; immunology ; pathology ; Lymphoma, Follicular ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged

New type recombinant antibody single chain variable fragment (scFv) is formed by the joined VH and VL domains of immunoglobulin with the used of a polypeptide linker that is at least 12 residues in length. scFv is the smallest functional unit of antibody and has shown a fine prospect for the radioimmunoscintigraphy of cancer because of its special characteristics including increased tumour penetration and fast clearance rates compared with parent Ig. A scFv molecule with a linker of 3-12 residues cannot fold into a functional Fv domain and instead associates with a second scFv molecule to form a bivalent dimer (Diabody). Reducing the linker length below three residues can force scFv association into trimers (Triabody) or tetramers (Tetrabody) depending on linker length, composition and V-domain orientation. This review describes linker length and V-domain orientation of scFv, expression and stability of scFv multimers, size of scFv multimers and its effect on in vivo pharmacokinetics, flexibility and avidity of scFv multimers, in vitro application of multimeric murine scFv, multispecific scFv multimers and cancer targeting.
Antibodies, Bispecific ; Immunoglobulin Fragments ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; chemistry ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains ; chemistry ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region ; Immunotherapy ; Neoplasms ; immunology ; therapy ; Protein Engineering ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cutaneous pseudolymphoma (CPL) has a microscopic appearance that resembles that of cutaneous lymphoma, but shows a clinically benign course. The differential diagnosis of CPL with cutaneous lymphoma is very important because clinical outcomes of them are quite different. We herein describe two cases of B-cell pseudolymphoma, which were difficult to differentiate from cutaneous B-cell lymphlma. All of two cases, Polymerase chain reaction of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement showed polyclonal pattern.
B-Lymphocytes* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Gene Rearrangement ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Lymphoma ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pseudolymphoma*

Nanobodies are derived from the variable domain of the heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) that occur naturally in the serum of Camelidae. They are the smallest antibody fragments capable to bind antigens. With the characteristics of their increased solubility, increased domain stabilities, nanomolar affinities, easy crossing the blood-brain barrier, easy generation, engineering, optimization and tailoring, easy humanization, nanobodies have extensive application prospects in diagnosis and detection. Although nanobody has demonstrated tremendous success, a number of practical challenges limit its broader applications in disease diagnosis and detection, including construction of a phage library and selection of nanobody fragments with high affinity and immunogold labeling technique. Here, we review several recent findings on the use of nanobodies in molecular diagnostics and suggest some practical strategies in resolving the current challenges in this attractive research area, particularly to optimize the affinity, solubility, humanization of nanobodies.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; chemistry ; Single-Domain Antibodies ; chemistry ; drug effects

No abstract available.
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Immunoglobulins ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive