No abstract available.
Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain* ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains* ; Immunoglobulins*

Nanobodies are derived from the variable domain of the heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) that occur naturally in the serum of camels. Using nanobody-based probes, several imaging techniques such as radionuclide-based, optical and ultrasound have been employed for visualization of target expression in various disease models. Combined with application and clinical data of nanobody in molecular imaging in recent years, this paper introduces its application in the diagnosis of diseases and the future development as a novel molecular imaging tool.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Molecular Imaging ; methods ; Molecular Probes ; Nanotechnology

No abstract available.
Exons* ; Gene Rearrangement* ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains* ; Immunoglobulins* ; Leukemia, Lymphoid*

New type recombinant antibody single chain variable fragment (scFv) is formed by the joined VH and VL domains of immunoglobulin with the used of a polypeptide linker that is at least 12 residues in length. scFv is the smallest functional unit of antibody and has shown a fine prospect for the radioimmunoscintigraphy of cancer because of its special characteristics including increased tumour penetration and fast clearance rates compared with parent Ig. A scFv molecule with a linker of 3-12 residues cannot fold into a functional Fv domain and instead associates with a second scFv molecule to form a bivalent dimer (Diabody). Reducing the linker length below three residues can force scFv association into trimers (Triabody) or tetramers (Tetrabody) depending on linker length, composition and V-domain orientation. This review describes linker length and V-domain orientation of scFv, expression and stability of scFv multimers, size of scFv multimers and its effect on in vivo pharmacokinetics, flexibility and avidity of scFv multimers, in vitro application of multimeric murine scFv, multispecific scFv multimers and cancer targeting.
Antibodies, Bispecific ; Immunoglobulin Fragments ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; chemistry ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains ; chemistry ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region ; Immunotherapy ; Neoplasms ; immunology ; therapy ; Protein Engineering ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cutaneous pseudolymphoma (CPL) has a microscopic appearance that resembles that of cutaneous lymphoma, but shows a clinically benign course. The differential diagnosis of CPL with cutaneous lymphoma is very important because clinical outcomes of them are quite different. We herein describe two cases of B-cell pseudolymphoma, which were difficult to differentiate from cutaneous B-cell lymphlma. All of two cases, Polymerase chain reaction of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement showed polyclonal pattern.
B-Lymphocytes* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Gene Rearrangement ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Lymphoma ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pseudolymphoma*

Nanobodies are derived from the variable domain of the heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) that occur naturally in the serum of Camelidae. They are the smallest antibody fragments capable to bind antigens. With the characteristics of their increased solubility, increased domain stabilities, nanomolar affinities, easy crossing the blood-brain barrier, easy generation, engineering, optimization and tailoring, easy humanization, nanobodies have extensive application prospects in diagnosis and detection. Although nanobody has demonstrated tremendous success, a number of practical challenges limit its broader applications in disease diagnosis and detection, including construction of a phage library and selection of nanobody fragments with high affinity and immunogold labeling technique. Here, we review several recent findings on the use of nanobodies in molecular diagnostics and suggest some practical strategies in resolving the current challenges in this attractive research area, particularly to optimize the affinity, solubility, humanization of nanobodies.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; chemistry ; Single-Domain Antibodies ; chemistry ; drug effects

No abstract available.
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Immunoglobulins ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between the mutational status of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) gene with the prognosis of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). METHODS: Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) clonotypic sequence analysis was carried out to assess the mutational status of IGHV in the blood and/or bone marrow samples from 44 WM patients. The usage characteristics of IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ gene was explored. RESULTS: The most common IGHV subgroup was IGHV3, which was similar to the data from the Institute of Hematology of Chinese Academy of Medical Science. IGHV3-23 (20.45% vs. 15.44%) and IGHV3-74 (11.36% vs. 7.35%) were the main fragments used, which was followed by IGHV4 gene family (15.91% vs. 24.26%). However, no significant correlation was found between the IGHV4 usage and the prognosis of the patients. Should 98% be taken as the cut-off value for the IGHV mutation status, only 5 patients had no IGHV variant, and there was no correlation with the prognosis. Based on the X-tile analysis, 92.6% was re-selected as the cut-off value for the IGHV variant status in such patients. LDH was increased in 26 patients (59.1%) without IGHV variant (P < 0.05), whilst progression-free survival (P < 0.05) and overall survival (P < 0.05) were significantly shorter compared with those with IGHV variants. CONCLUSION The usage characteristics of IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ in our patients was similar to reported by the Institute of Hematology of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, albeit that no correlation was found between the IGHV4 usage and the prognosis of the patients. Furthermore, 98% may not be appropriate for distinguishing the IGHV variant status in WM patients.
Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics* ; Multigene Family ; Mutation ; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/genetics*

Objective: To investigate the mutational features of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgHV) gene in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) using immunophenotypic and molecular genetic methods. Methods: The laboratory results of 266 CLL patients who underwent IgHV gene examination at Sino-US diagnostics laboratory from February 2020 to February 2021 were analyzed for the IgVH mutational status and presence of specific IgVH fragments. In addition, their immunophenotypic, molecular, chromosomal karyotypic, and FISH profiles were investigated and correlated with the IgVH mutational status. Results: Among 266 patients, 172 were male and 94 were female, with a media age of 67 years (20-82 years).There were more patients with mutated IgHV (m-IgHV) than unmutated IgHV (un-IgHV) (69.2%∶30.8%). There was association of VH family and the presence of gene fragments: the overall incidence of VH families including VH3 family (142/266, 53.4%), VH4 family (75/266, 28.2%), and VH1 family (34/266, 12.8%) was about 95%, among which the proportion of VH4-34 (26/266, 9.8%), VH3-23 (25/266, 9.4%), VH3-7 (24/266, 9.0%), and VH4-39 (16/266, 6.0%) was about 35%. VH3-20 and VH3-49 only occurred in un-IgHV (P<0.05). In addition, the expression rates of CD38 (26.3% vs. 3.0%), CD79b (71.1%∶45.5%) and 11q deletion (25.5%∶5.3%) were higher in un-IgHV, and single trisomy 12 (37.9%∶5.6%) were more commonly found in m-IgHV (P<0.05). MYD88 was one of the major mutation genes in m-IgHV, while ATM had the highest mutation rate in un-IgHV. Conclusion: CLL patients have differential expression in terms of IgHV gene mutations, correlating to their immunophenotype and genetics characteristics.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics* ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics* ; Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain ; Mutation ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics* ; Prognosis

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of immunoglobulin heavy/light chain (HLC) and serum free light chain (FLC) level in minimal residual disease monitoring of IgG type multiple myeloma (MM) patients during complete remission (CR).

METHODSImmunoglobulin HLC was assessed in 20 IgG myeloma patients by immune turbidimetry using SPAplus Analyzer. The serum level of HLC and FLC was detected at same time. Combine with those obtained by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immune fixation electrophoresis (IFE), the specificity and sensitivity of HLC in detection of serum immunoglobulin were analyzed. Combined with the clinical efficacy, kappa/lambda ratios of HLC (rHLC) and FLC (rFLC) were compared between the patients and normal controls.

RESULTSAmong 20 patients, there were 10 male and 10 female, the median age was 56 years (35-70). There were 6 patients with abnormal rHLC but normal rFLC; 3 patients with abnormal rFLC but normal HLC; and 11 patients with both normal rHLC and rFLC. During the mean follow-up time of 18 months, 4 of the6 patients with abnormal rHLC accepted intervention therapies, 1 case relapsed in 9 months,the other 2 untreated patients relapsed in 3 months. Among the 3 cases with abnormal rFLC, 2 patients are still in remission after intervention therapies,the other untreated patient relapsed in 1.5 months. Among the 11 untreated patients with both normal rHLC and rFLC, 3 relapsed with the disease free survival time of 3.5 months, 5.0 months and 5.5 months respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe combined detection of HLC and FLC is helpful to assess the curative efficacy and the accuracy of minimal residual disease monitoring, and more effectively evaluate the prognosis of MM patients. Abnormal rHLC and rFLC are correlated with poor prognosis, while early intervention therapies can help to improve disease free survival.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry ; Prognosis ; Remission Induction