The innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial infections. Innate immunity is made up of the surface barrier, cellular immunity and humoral immunity. In newborn, immunologic function and demands are different to adults. Neonatal innate immunity specifically suppresses Th1-type immune responses, and not Th2-type immune responses, which are enhanced. And the impaired response of macrophages is associated with the defective innate immunity in newborn period. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key roles in the detection of invading pathogens and in the induction of innate immune responses. In newborn, the expression of TLRs is age dependent, so preterm has low expression of TLRs. Also, there are defects in signaling pathways downstream of TLRs. As a consequence, the defects of TLRs activity cause the susceptibility to infection in the neonatal period.
Adult ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunity, Innate ; Infant, Newborn ; Macrophages ; Toll-Like Receptors

Cell-mediated immune response is an important part of machinery in maintaining the body's homeostasis. After the innate immune system selectively activates the adaptive immune system, the cell-mediated immunity exerts its killing and clearance functions. Therefore, evaluating the level of cell-mediated immune response is crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, monitoring the immune status after organ transplantation, diagnosing and preventing viral diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of vaccines and other areas. From the initial overall assessment of the immune effects in vivo to the precise detection of the number and function of multiple immune cells, the evaluation methods of cell-mediated immune response have greatly advanced. However, cell-mediated immune response involves multiple levels in the body, and it's difficult to choose the numerous detection methods available. The article systematically compares the evaluation methods of cell-mediated immune response at four different levels: the organism, the tissue and organ, the immune cells and the immune molecules, with the aim to facilitate the applications of related technologies.
Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Immunity, Innate

Hepatitis B ; etiology ; immunology ; therapy ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Innate

COVID-19 ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Humoral ; SARS-CoV-2

Hepatocytes ; pathology ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Innate ; Liver Diseases ; immunology ; pathology

In our investigation, various immunologic aspects of 129 patients with complete and incomplete type of Behcet's syndrome were taken under consideration : quantitation of total T-cells by E-rosette method and B-cells by EAC-rosette method, helper/inducer T and suppressor/cytotoxic T-cells by monoclonal antibody technique(OKT4, OKT8), lymphocyte transformation test with PHA, quantitation of serum r-globulin by electro phoresis and quantitations of serum IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4 by immunodiffusion. From the results, the cell mediated immunity in Behcet's syndrome is not influenced by the number of patterns of four major symptoms or the activity of each major symptom at the time of test. However the humoral immunity is considered to be influenced by the above parameters.
B-Lymphocytes ; Behcet Syndrome* ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunodiffusion ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins* ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes* ; T-Lymphocytes

Adaptive immunity is a type of immune response mediated by T and B cells, and is important response for immune response amplification and memory. In this study, the adaptive immunologic properties of C57BL/6NKorl substrain were compared with those of two other C57BL/6N substrains. There were no significant differences between the C57BL/6NKorl and the two other C57BL/6N substrains in the histological structures of the thymus and spleen, which are immunologic organs containing T cell and B cells. In addition, flow cytometric analysis did not reveal any significant differences in the distribution of T and B cell populations of the three substrains. To evaluate cell-mediated immunity of T cells in the three different substrains, we treated isolated T cells from spleen with Con A. The T cells of C57BL/6NKorl showed Con A-dependent proliferation of T cells at lower cell number than those in T cells from the other two C57BL/6N substrains. B cell-mediated humoral immune responses were not significant different among the three substrains. Thus, the results of this study provide evidence that C57BL/6NKorl mice are similar to those two other C57BL/6N substrains in humoral immunity, but C57BL/6NKorl has stronger response in cell mediated immunity.
Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; Cell Count ; Immunity, Cellular* ; Immunity, Humoral ; Memory ; Mice* ; Spleen ; T-Lymphocytes ; Thymus Gland

BACKGROUND: It seems that herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus and its incidence is increasing. The reactivation of the varicella zoster virus is thought to be associated with the disturbance of the state of immunity in patients with herpes zoster. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the state of immunity in patients with herpes zoster in its acute phase(less than 7 days). METHODS: 1. Thirty patients with acute phase herpes zoster matched by age and sex against a control group, were checked for Helper/Inducer T cell(CD4), Suppressor/Cytotoxic T cell(CD8), NK cell, B cell and activated T cell by three color flow cytometric analysis. 2. Forty patients with herpes zoster measured delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity by means of Multitest' CMI. 3. Thirty patients with herpes zoster measured Ig G, M, A by means of N-antisera method.
Herpes Zoster* ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Humoral* ; Incidence ; Killer Cells, Natural

Johne's disease or paratuberculosis is a chronic debilitating disease in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease causes significant economic losses in livestock industries worldwide. There are no effective control measures to eradicate the disease because there are no appropriate diagnostic methods to detect subclinically infected animals. Therefore, it is very difficult to control the disease using only test and cull strategies. Vaccination against paratuberculosis has been considered as an alternative strategy to control the disease when combined with management interventions. Understanding host-pathogen interactions is extremely important to development of vaccines. It has long been known that Th1-mediated cellular immune responses are play a crucial role in protection against MAP infection. However, recent studies suggested that innate immune responses are more closely related to protective effects than adaptive immunity. Based on this understanding, several attempts have been made to develop vaccines against paratuberculosis. A variety of ideas for designing novel vaccines have emerged, and the tests of the efficacy of these vaccines are conducted constantly. However, no effective vaccines are commercially available. In this study, studies of the development of vaccines for MAP were reviewed and summarized.
Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Innate ; Livestock ; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium avium* ; Mycobacterium* ; Paratuberculosis ; Ruminants ; Vaccination ; Vaccines*

The ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to be a potent modulator of many host immune functions and the exposure of experimental animals to the inflammatory effects of UVR induces depressions in their ability to initiate and effectuate various types of cellular immune responses. In this study, the effects of UV-B (280 320 nm) radiation on resistance to a facultative intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes (LM), were examined at the cellular level. The numbers of cultivable LM recovered from the spleens of UV-B-irradiated mice were decreased at 2 days postinfection compared with those of untreated control mice. However, the acquired immunity, developed 7 days after immunization with streptomycin (SM)-sensitive LM, in either UV-irradiated, LPS- or IL-1-pretreated mice was less stronger than that developed in untreated, control mice. To elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying the observation that UVR did increase innate immunity but decreased acquired immunity of mice to the infection with LM, the effects of UVR of mice on the production of IFN-r by activated splenocytes and TNF-a by peritoneal macrophages were assessed. Activated splenocytes from UV-irradiated mice exhibited a reduced capacity to produce IFN-r and cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more TNF-a in the presence of LPS during 24 hours after UV radiation. Though TNF-r activity was not detected in the sera of LM-infected mice, intravenous LPS injection induced TNF-r production and UVR decreased TNF activity in sera obtained from LM-infected mice with LPS induction 9 days after irradiation. Although Ia-negative macrophages were predominant in the peritoneal macrophages from untreated control mice, the infection of mice with LM caused a marked increase in Ia expression on peritoneal macrophages. However, UVR resulted in decreased expression of Ia molecule on the peritoneal macrophages during the LM infection. These findings suggest that the dual effects of UVR on the innate and acquired immunity of mice to the LM infection may be associated with altered capacities of splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages of the mice to produce cytokines, in addition to decrease of la molecule expression on the macrophages.
Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Cytokines ; Depression ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunization ; Listeria monocytogenes* ; Listeria* ; Macrophages ; Macrophages, Peritoneal ; Mice* ; Spleen ; Streptomycin ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*