As far as we are aware of, we report the fi rst documented case of a 51-year-old Filipino female with multifocal motor neuropathy who presented with asymmetric weakness, unusually in the lower extremity, and confi rmed with anti-GM1 antibody. The treatment of intravenous immunoglobulin with a total dose of 2 g/kg was initiated and repeated every two months with noticeable improvement based on electromyography and nerve conduction studies. Apart from the unreported Filipino case of multifocal motor neuropathy substantiated by features in clinical, electrophysiologic, antibody testing and response to immunotherapy, the unique occurrence in a female and involving the lower extremity in this rare disorder deserve this present documentation. Multifocal motor neuropathy is seen more in males with a ratio of 2.7:1. It is described as a pure motor disease without sensory defi cits and predominantly affects the upper extremities. The diagnosis for the disorder is supported by determination of ganglioside GM1 antibodies.
Immune System Diseases ; Polyneuropathies

Having an understanding of the properties of cytokines is essential for the immunologist, the researcher and the medical practitioner who need to understand immunologic diseases and immunological therapeutic approaches. Cytokines are redundant in their actions on target cells and promiscuous in their receptor reactions. (ED note: That is some cool use of English!) Moreover, many cells concomitantly produce several cytokines that have overlapping actions. Here this review provides conceptual framework to understand the intriguing aspects of the cytokine system.
Cytokines ; Immune System Diseases ; Interleukins

As a nanotechnology has been actively applied to the overall areas of scientific fields, it is necessary to understand the characteristic features, physical behaviors and the potential effects of exposure to nanomaterials and their toxicity. In this article we review the immunological influences induced by several nanomaterials and emphasize establishment of the animal models to estimate the impact of these nanomaterials on development of immunological diseases.
Cytokines ; Immune System ; Immune System Diseases ; Models, Animal ; Nanostructures ; Nanotechnology

The intestine is an organ involved with absorbing, processing, and transporting food into the body. However, if one were to assess the immunological portion of the intestine and compare it with better-known immunologically functioning organs such as the spleen, the intestine would be found to be the largest such organ and the extent of its immunologic function would be found to be equally proportionate. The mucosal surface of the intestine has the ability to respond to effector cells capable of protecting the host from potentially harmful organisms or local antigens. When there is increased intestinal permeability (Leaky gut syndrome), pathogenic bacteria and its products, toxins, antigens, chemicals and incompletely digested food penetrate the intestinal epithelium and are transported throughout the body. They activate the immune system and effect the pathophysiology of acute and chronic inflammatory disease and autoimmune disease. Therefore, by a better understanding of the importance of gut barrier function and the pathophysiology of gut related immunologic disease, we can make helpful suggestions for achieving optimal intestinal health.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Bacteria ; Complement System Proteins ; Immune System ; Immune System Diseases ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Intestines ; Permeability ; Spleen

The morphological changes of the allergic immunological lesion is difficult to realize. In 1975, Gell and Coombs classified the allergic- immunological reactions into 4 types. The type I included the anti bodies causes sensitivity for tissues by binding with the mastocytes leading to release of the mediate chemicals. The reactions occurs early and severe which damages mainly the circulation system and organs with smooth muscles. The type II causes cellular toxic and cellulicidal. The type III causes the the tissue lesions due to the toxicity of the antigen antibody complex. The type IV includes the tuberculin reaction. The pneumobronchial allergic-immunological deases according to the classification of Gell and Coombs included the type I reactions: the pneumobronchial diseases with the antigen- antibody reactions (prophylatic, asthma, respiratory allergy: type IV; hypersensityvity occurs only within 24-72 hours after exposured with the antigen, not related with the antibody but related with the cell, found most frequent in the microbial,viral and parasitological infections and the dermatological reactions due to induction with the normal chemicals
Bronchial Hyperreactivity ; Hypersensitivity ; Immune System Diseases

Interactions among the nervous, the endocrine and the immune systems enable the gut to respond to the dietary products, pathogens and microbiota, which maintains the homeostasis of the body. However, dysbiosis may induce or aggravate the gastrointestinal (GI) and extra-GI diseases through changing the activities of enteric nervous system (ENS), enteroendocrine cells and enteric immune cells. Here we review recent advances in the understandings on how intestinal flora may impact the enteric neuro-endocrine-immune system in the gut, thereby contributing to the regulation of pathophysiological processes.
Enteric Nervous System ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Immune System

Autoimmune Diseases ; classification ; Child ; Humans ; Immune System Diseases ; classification

No abstract available.
Journal Impact Factor ; Periodicals as Topic ; Immune System ; Immune System Diseases ; Bibliometrics

The immune system contributes to body defence mechanism, but sometimes show unfavorable immune disease. Cerebral vasospasm is a major problem in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH), but the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Some authors suggest cerebral vasospasm is one type of autoimmune vasculitis. In 35 patients(male 20, female 15) with aneurysmal SAH. the levels of serum immunoglobulin(Ig) G, A, M, E and complement C3(C3) were determined to analyze the relation among Igs, C3, cerebral vasospasm and clinical grade. The results were as follows : 1) Highly significant correlation presented between C3 level and cerebral vasospasm(p<0.001). 2) Highly significant correlation presented between IgA level and cerebral vasospasm(p<0.001). 3) Significant correlation showed IgA with admission grade(p<0.001) and outcome(p<0.01). 4) Significant correlation showed C3 with admission grade(p<0.05) and outcome(p<0.01). 5) Among the 4 groups(SAH without vasospasm, SAH within vasospasm, hypertensive intracranial hematoma(HICH), herniated intervertebral disc(HIVD)), significant statistical difference at the level of IgA and C3 with others is observed in the group 2. 6) In serial determination of C3 levels performed in 8 patients(group 1 and group 2), correlative alteration between C3 level and cerebral vasospasm was observed. From the above results, these findings suggest that IgA and C3 levels not only might be reflected the severity of the neurological insult but also provide the usefulness as a predictable marker of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal SAH.
Aneurysm* ; Complement C3* ; Complement System Proteins* ; Female ; Humans ; Immune System ; Immune System Diseases ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulins* ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage* ; Vasculitis ; Vasospasm, Intracranial*

Monocytes and macrophages regulate host immune system against infectious pathogens. Activated macrophages play an important role in restricting the multiplication and dissemination of pathogens. The concept of alternative activation of macrophages might provide useful insights into pathology of infectious diseases. M1 macrophages (classically activated macrophages) and M2 macrophages (alternatively activated macrophages) are associated with responses to tissue remodeling, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions in various infectious diseases. However, the relevance of macrophage polarization in several infectious diseases was not revealed clearly. Macrophage plasticity and polarization should be considered as a useful conceptual framework for understanding the unknown pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Here we reviewed the recent progress on macrophage polarization and its characters in infectious diseases.
Communicable Diseases ; Immune System ; Macrophages* ; Monocytes ; Pathology ; Plastics