The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has shown impressive anti-tumor efficacy across multiple malignant tumors, leading to the prolonged survival period of tumor patients. However, immune-related adverse events should not be ignored. Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) is a pulmonary adverse event that can occur in malignant tumor patients after receiving ICIs treatment. The incidence of CIP has been reported to range from 2.7% to 20.0% in clinical trials and real-world research. Furthermore, some patients might suffer from serious or fatal CIP, and the prognosis of such patients will be poor. Early detection, diagnosis and treatment may improve the prognosis of these patients. The establishment of a whole-process CIP comprehensive surveillance management mode covering the health care system and patients during ICIs treatment might be helpful to improve the early diagnosis and treatment capacity of CIP, which is a key measure to improve the prognosis of these patients.
Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Pneumonia ; Lung Neoplasms

The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has shown impressive anti-tumor efficacy across multiple malignant tumors, leading to the prolonged survival period of tumor patients. However, immune-related adverse events should not be ignored. Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) is a pulmonary adverse event that can occur in malignant tumor patients after receiving ICIs treatment. The incidence of CIP has been reported to range from 2.7% to 20.0% in clinical trials and real-world research. Furthermore, some patients might suffer from serious or fatal CIP, and the prognosis of such patients will be poor. Early detection, diagnosis and treatment may improve the prognosis of these patients. The establishment of a whole-process CIP comprehensive surveillance management mode covering the health care system and patients during ICIs treatment might be helpful to improve the early diagnosis and treatment capacity of CIP, which is a key measure to improve the prognosis of these patients.
Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Pneumonia ; Lung Neoplasms

While immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are effective and promising treatments for a variety of malignancies,they also have safety concerns,especially the immune-related adverse events(irAEs).Unlike the side effects of traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapy,irAEs are adverse events caused by immune activation after ICIs treatment and thus may involve almost every system of the body.Therefore,biomarkers for predicting irAEs after ICIs treatment are urgently needed.Here we review the currently available predictive biomarkers of irAEs.
Biomarkers ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy*

Immunotherapy has recently led to a paradigm shift in cancer therapy, in which immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the most successful agents approved for multiple advanced malignancies. However, given the nature of the non-specific activation of effector T cells, ICIs are remarkably associated with a substantial risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in almost all organs or systems. Up to 90% of patients who received ICIs combination therapy experienced irAEs, of which majority were low-grade toxicity. Cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors usually display distinct features of irAEs. In this review, the mechanisms of action of ICIs and how they may cause irAEs are described. Some unsolved challenges, however really engrossing issues, such as the association between irAEs and cancer treatment response, tumor response to irAEs therapy, and ICIs in challenging populations, are comprehensively summarized.
Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy*

Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Myocarditis/drug therapy*

The era of tumor treatment has been revolutionized by the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, while immunotherapy benefits patients, it can also lead to immune-related adverse events that may affect multiple organs and systems throughout the body, potentially even posing a life-threatening risk. The diverse clinical manifestations and onset times of these adverse events further complicate their prediction and diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical characteristics and predicted biomarkers of adverse events related to inhibitors at immune checkpoints, in order to help clinicians evaluate drug risks and early warn adverse events.
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Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects*

In recent years,great progress has been achieved in the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in tumor immunotherapy.However,a variety of adverse reactions induced by ICI have been reported.Despite the high overall incidence of adverse reactions caused by ICI,some adverse reactions,such as immune-related pancreatitis,are rare in clinical practice.In this paper,a case of immune-related pancreatitis after treatment of advanced gastric cancer with nivolumab was identified.We analyzed the cause,treatment,incidence,and risk factors of the adverse reaction,aiming to improve the clinical diagnosis,treatment,and safe medication of rare adverse reactions associated with ICI.
Humans ; Nivolumab/adverse effects* ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects* ; Pancreatitis/drug therapy* ; Stomach Neoplasms

Serum autoantibody markers have the advantages of easy specimen acquisition, simple detection technology and dynamic real-time monitoring. With the wide application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of malignant tumors, autoantibody markers in predicting tumor immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy and forecasting irAEs (immune related adverse events) show good prediction of potential. This review mainly focused on the progress of autoantibody markers in the prediction of therapeutic effect and the monitoring of irAE in tumor immunotherapy.
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Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Prognosis

Neurologic immune-related adverse events (NAEs) are rare complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). NAEs can affect the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and neuroendocrine system, they can lead to death and serious dysfunction. NAEs requires standardized diagnosis, treatment and clinicians' high attention. The diagnosis of NAEs is very challenging due to its complexity, diversity and some non-specific clinical manifestations. It needs to be carefully distinguished from neurological dysfunction caused by other diseases such as tumor, infection, metabolism and iatrogenic (non-immune mediated) complications. Therefore, Committee of Neoplastic Supportive-Care of China Anti-Cancer Association and Cancer Clinical Chemotherapy Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association organized experts to conduct literature analysis and evidence level discussion on the clinical key issues related to NAEs, including the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, general principles of diagnosis and treatment, clinical manifestations and diagnosis and treatment strategies of specific types of NAEs, and the principles of ICI rechallenge after NAEs. Based on the latest clinical evidence and combined with China's clinical practice, the expert committee finally formulated a Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of nAEs (2022 edition) for the prevention, diagnosis, comprehensive treatment and follow-up of NAEs.
Consensus ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Nervous System/pathology* ; Risk Factors

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Heart ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ; Neoplasms/drug therapy*