This study is to determine the biomechanical characteristics of Korean adults. Male 32 and female 28 were participated for the measurement which was performed by immersion method and reaction board method. Body segments were head with neck, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg and foot. Their volumes were measures by immersion method. Their weight were determined by using Dempster (1955), Drills and Contini (1969) density data. Each COM (center of mass) of body segment weight were determined by specific posture on the reaction board. The postures were asked to the subject total arm-lifted posture, forearm-lifted posture, total leg-lifted posture, leg-lifted posture. According to each posture, the COM of each segment were calculated. Also, center positions of mass according to posture change were estimated. The results were compared with cadaver data from Dempster (1955), Cluaser (1969), Matsui (1958) which are applied very often and also bio data from Lim (1994) and Jung (1993) on Korean adults.
Adult* ; Arm ; Cadaver ; Female ; Foot ; Forearm ; Hand ; Head ; Humans ; Immersion ; Leg ; Male ; Methods ; Neck ; Posture ; Thigh

The usefulness of hypertemie for cancer therapy have well been established. The purpose of the present investigation was to ascess the effect of step-up (42 degrees C -> 44 degrees C sequence ) and step-down (44 degrees C -> 42 degrees C sequence) heating on the skin of the hind foot of the mouse. Hyperthermic treatments were given by immersion the hind foot of the mouse in circulating water baths. Skin response was studied by the leg reaction, which was scored according to a numerical scoring system proposed by Urano et al (1980). The results were as follws 1.The sking damage of 44 degrees C control group was more severe than 42degree C control group (p<0.0.5), except for 15min. heating group. 2. The skin damage of step-down group was more severe than step-up group (p<0.0.5). 3. The skin damage of 44 degrees C control group was more severe than step-up group when there is no difference in 44 degrees C heatingtime of step-up group from 44degree C control group (p<0.0.5). 4. In step-down group, the skin damage was more severe than 44degree C control group after preheating 45 min at 44 degrees C (p<0.0.5). Therefore, the above findings suggest the normal tissue damaged by step-up heating was correlated with heating time of post step-up. The dropping of heating temperature in late phase had more severe damage of the skin than that in early phase during hyperthermia, and so contineous control of satisfactory temperature should be considered as the one of the most important factor for prognosis, complications of clinical hyperthermia
Animals ; Baths ; Fever* ; Foot ; Heating ; Hot Temperature ; Immersion ; Leg ; Mice* ; Prognosis ; Skin* ; Water

Erythromelalgia is a rare disease characterized by burning pain of the extremities associated with erythema and increased temperature of the skin. A case of erythromelalgia was reported with review of literatures. It seemed that this is the first reported case in Korean literatures. patient was 12 years old male having erythematous swelling associated with burning pain on his feet and lower legs for five years. Immersion of his feet in warm water quickly, increased the pain but cold water gave prompt relief that he soaked his feet for many hours during the day and night. No specific abnormalities were noticed in Iaboratory studies, Treatment with various topical, systemic medication revealed of unfavorable result.
Burns ; Child ; Erythema ; Erythromelalgia* ; Extremities ; Foot ; Humans ; Immersion ; Leg ; Male ; Rare Diseases ; Skin ; Water

The human capacity for physiologic adaptation to cold is minimal. A cold environment can be a threat to the skin, leading to a subsequent fall in core body temperature. Many physiologic, behavioral, and environmental factors predispose to the global effects of cold injuries. Physical injuries caused by cold have two forms: systemic forms such as hypothermia and localized forms such as frostbite. Reduced temperature directly damages the tissue, as in frostbite and cold immersion foot. Vasospasm of vessels perfusing the skin induces chilblain, acrocyanosis, and frostbite. The degree of damage caused by cold is related to four factors: temperature, exposure time, wind intensity (temperature sensation), and high altitude.
Adaptation, Physiological ; Altitude ; Body Temperature ; Chilblains ; Cold Injury ; Frostbite ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Immersion Foot ; Skin ; Wind

Erythromelalgia is a rare condition, of uncertain etiology, characterized by episodic erythema, intense burning pain and warmth of the hands and/or feet. We present here a case of erythromelalgia that was almost mistaken for lower leg pain of spinal origin. The diagnosis is based on a thorough history and physical exam during a painful episode along with diagnostic test to exclude other causes. A 69-year-old man developed recurrent attacks of redness, swelling and burning painful sensations of both feet. His symptom was aggravation of pain with warm water immersion. His symptom improved by antidepressant and steroid. To be learned an important general lesson is to pay attention to performing extensive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. It should be appreciated that discontinuation of medication can also be used as a simple diagnostic test for clinical syndromes, such as erythermalgia.
Aged ; Burns ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Erythema ; Erythromelalgia ; Foot ; Hand ; Humans ; Immersion ; Leg ; Sensation ; Water

To clarify the physiological thermoregulatory response of the human body, the local heating and hunting reaction experiments were performaed. The subjects were 10 healthy women from 19 to 22 years of age. For the local heating experiment, oral temperature, skin temperature, deep skin temperature and thermal sensations were measured every 5 min during the 40 min experiment. Heated areas were neck, shoulder, abdomen, hands and feet. These five areas were heated with the hot pack of 50℃. For the hunting reaction experiment, oral temperature, thermal sensation of the whole body and cold pain sensation of the finger were measured every 5 min during and after immersion of the left middle finger in 5℃ ice water for 40 min. The skin temperature of the finger tip was measured with a copperconstantan thermocouple every each min during and after immersion. Cold tolerance index was made on the basis of following items ; the skin temperature at the first rise(T.F.R), time for the first skin temperature rise (T.T.R), mean skin temperature during immersion(M.S.t). Conclusions : 1. Skin temperature and deep skin temperature have been much influenced by the abdomen heating. 2. The correlation between the whole body thermal sensation and the upper trunk thermal sensation was singnificantly recognized. 3. T.F.R. and M.S.T. of the hunting reaction with abdomen heating is significantly higher at the 0.01 level by T-test than that of the hunting reaction without abdomen heating. T.T.R is also significantly shorter for the hunting reaction with abdomen heating than that for the hunting reaction without abdomen heating.
Abdomen ; Female ; Fingers ; Foot ; Hand ; Heating* ; Hot Temperature* ; Human Body ; Humans ; Ice ; Immersion ; Neck ; Sensation ; Shoulder ; Skin Temperature ; Water

Erythromelalgia is an extraordinary condition of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent attacks of burning pain, redness, swelling, and warmth of the extremities. Characteristically the symptoms are provoked by heat, exercise, and dependency. Several classifications of erythromelalgia have been documented and include an erythromelalgia associated with thrombocythemia, primary erythermalgia, and secondary erythermalgia. Secondary erythermalgia develops in association with certain diseases or as a consequence of adverse drug reactions. So treat the underlying disease or withdrawal the offending drug leads to resolution of these symptoms. But primary erythermalgia occurs in the absence of any underlying disorder and is refractory to pharmacologic measures.We present a 28-year-old woman with primary erythermalgia who had recurrent episodes of severe burning pain on her feet. The pain did not respond to analgesics but relieved by immersion in cold water. The results of clinical, laboratory, and electrophysiologic investigations showed no underlying disorder. She was treated with aspirin and morphine, but it provided minimal relief only.
Adult ; Analgesics ; Aspirin ; Burns ; Classification ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Erythromelalgia* ; Extremities ; Female ; Foot ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Immersion ; Morphine ; Thrombocythemia, Essential ; Water