1.Risk of Bias Assessment and Risk Minimisation Strategies in COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Study
Muhammad Ikhwan Mud Shukri ; Nur Za&rsquo ; Imah Zainal ; Ahmad Zaid Fattah Azman
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2024;20(No.1):359-364
It is paramount to assess the risk of biases in may arise from diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) study as it will affect the
accuracy and validity of the tests. These biases can be found in published researches and here we look at COVID-19
DTA studies. The evaluation of bias risk in diagnostic research is mainly performed using QUADAS-2. The aim of
this review was to determine potential selection and information biases in diagnostic test accuracy studies and strategies to minimize risk of biases. Literature review related to diagnostic test accuracy study is identified through an
online search of databases namely PubMed, ScienceDirect, Research Gate, Google Scholar, and official government
websites range. Six potential biases in four QUADAS-2 domains are identified in COVID-19 diagnostic test accuracy
study which are 1) spectrum bias in patient selection; 2) interpretation bias in index test; 3) differential misclassification bias and nondifferential misclassification bias in reference standard; and 4) partial verification bias and
differential verification bias in patient flow. The identified biases exert effects on accuracy of COVID-19 diagnostic
tests. Six strategies are recommended to reduce these biases, hence, improving the accuracy of COVID-19 diagnostic
tests. The best diagnostic test can give benefits to the population in the mass screening program during COVID-19.
2.Application of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in Food Security During Flood Disaster in Malaysia: A Narrative Review
Muhammad Ikhwan Mud Shukri ; Nazmi Ainaa Azmi ; Chandramalar Kanthavelu ; Nur Za&rsquo ; Imah Zainal ; Rosliza Abdul Manaf ; Suhainizam Muhamad Saliluddin
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2023;19(No.4):332-341
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) plays essential roles in ensuring food security to avoid adverse social, economic and
financial implications to the disaster victims. This article aims to review existing DRR strategies in food security
during flood disasters and recommend strategies that can be adapted into policies in Malaysia according to the
Sendai Framework. Sendai Framework provides comprehensive, globally recognized priority themes in DRR while
highlighting governmental and stakeholders’ responsibility. A literature review was carried out by searching available published literatures from online databases and selected information used in this review is taken from articles,
journals, reports, national reports, news, and thesis regarding the topic from November 2021 to January 2022. This
review revealed that DRR strategies of food security during flood disasters in Malaysia lack one out of 14 work areas
in four priorities in the Sendai Framework, which is the national-level risk and vulnerability assessment system and
tools. This article proposed 19 recommendations to improve eight work areas across all four priority areas to enhance
national food security during flood disasters.