Typhoid fever is a bacteremic disease and many organs, including intestine, liver, bone, lung, thyroid, kidney, spleen, heart and pancreas may be invaded by the organism. Acute pancreatitis associated with typhoid fever sometimes needs prolonged total parenteral hyperalimentation and antibiotic treatment. Systemic Candida infections are usually encountered as opportunistic infections in a setting of immunologic depression. The authors report a case of Candida parapsilosis fungemia associated parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis associated with typhoid fever. A 17 year-old man was transfered to Pusan national university hospital on May 4th, 1998 under diagnosis of salmonella sepsis. High fever, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea developed 10 days before entery. On admission, serum amylase, lipase and transaminase showed elevation. The patient was treated with antibiotics(ceftriaxon) and total parenteral hyperalimentation was done under diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and hepatitis associated with typhoid fever. On 3rd hospital day, body temperature returned to normal but abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting continued. On 18th hospital day, high fever recurred and ceftriaxon was re-administered. Three days later, body temperature returned to normal. On 25th hospital days, culture of blood and catheter tip was positive for C. parapsilosis. On 27th hospital days, sudden onset high fever, pnumonic infiltration, confusion, hypotension, oliguria and azotemia developed. On 34th hospital day, sudden onset ventricular fibillation developed. On 35th hospital day, the patients died. We report a case of candida fungemia in acute pancreatitis and hepatitis associated with typhoid fever.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent ; Amylases ; Azotemia ; Body Temperature ; Busan ; Candida* ; Catheters ; Ceftriaxone ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Fever ; Fungemia* ; Heart ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Intestines ; Kidney ; Lipase ; Liver ; Lung ; Nausea ; Oliguria ; Opportunistic Infections ; Pancreas ; Pancreatitis* ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Salmonella ; Sepsis ; Spleen ; Thyroid Gland ; Typhoid Fever* ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate mivacurium in the pharmacokinetics of onset and offset. METHODS: In 127 adult patients of ASA physical status I or II without any factors involving the neuromuscular function under general anesthesia, onset time (lag and manifest time) and clinical duration were measured after bolus or divided doses of ED95 x 2 of succinylcholine (SCC), rocuronium (ROC), atracurium (ATR), mivacurium (MIV), pancuronium (PAN) or vecuronium (VEC). Recovery time was defined as the recovery index and total duration measured after subsequent ED95 of MIV at 25% recovery of control twitch height from neuromuscular block induced by ED95 x 2 of ATR, MIV, PAN or VEC. Plasma cholinesterase (PChE) levels were measured following PAN or ATR. RESULTS: Onset time was faster with SCC and ROC, the low potency drugs, than with ATR, MIV, PAN or VEC, the high potent drugs. Manifest time was shorter in low potency drugs but longer in high potency drugs than lag time after bolus or divided doses of muscle relaxants given. Divided doses of various drugs induced a shortened onset time, but the patterns of relationship between lag and manifest time associated with drug potency did not alter. The recovery times with administered MIV were slowest after PAN pretreatment, and fastest after MIV pretreatment. PChE levels decreased significantly from 3 min to over 180 min after PAN administeration but not ATR. CONCLUSIONS: The onset time of MIV was not improved due to high drug potency as other nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers. However, in spite of high potency, the recovery time of MIV was faster than other drugs. This results may be depend upon PChE activity rather than drug potency. Additionally, the prolonged recovery of MIV was not only under the influence of low PChE activity but also other some factors such as: the first relaxants administered before MIV dominated the neuromuscular block so that the duration of MIV given subsequently changed to resemble that of the first. The longer elimination half-life of the underlying relaxant prolonged the effects of subsequentshorter acting MIV. Structural similarities or dis-similarities between the interacting MIV and other drugs may have effects more potent in dis-similarity than in similarity.
Adult ; Anesthesia, General ; Atracurium ; Cholinesterases ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ; Pancuronium ; Pharmacokinetics* ; Plasma ; Succinylcholine ; Vecuronium Bromide

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and associated factors of physiologic abnormalities indicative of lung disease in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Thirty-six early RA patients(mean age 43+/-12 years, 30 females, disease durations less than 12 months, mean duration 5+/-3 months), who had not been treated with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), were studied. Clinical, laboratoy and radiologic variables such as age, sex, smoking history, past lung disease history, drug medication history, rheumatoid factor positivity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), CRP and chest radiography, were undertaken. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed in all patients and results for PFTs were expressed as percentage of predicted values for each individual adjusted for age, sex, and height. Lung disease was defined as one or more of the followings should be present, 1) forced vital capacity (FVC) <80% for predicted, 2) diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) <80% for predicted, 3) forced expiratory flow from 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF 25-75%) <80% for predicted. Statistical comparisons were made using Student? t test or chi-square test as appropriate. RESULTS: All patients had normal chest radiography. Rheumatoid factor was positive in 21 patients (58%), smokers were 5 patients (14%), ESR and CRP were increased in 16 (44%) and 17 patients (47%). Ten patients (28%) had lung disease and included FVC <80% in 4, DLCO <80% in 4 and FEF 25-75% <80% in 6 patients. There was no significant predictor of lung disease. CONCLUSION: The frequency of lung disease in early RA by PFTs was 28% and there was no significant predictor of lung disease.
Antirheumatic Agents ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Blood Sedimentation ; Carbon Monoxide ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; Lung* ; Radiography ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Rheumatoid Factor ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Thorax ; Vital Capacity

Multiple primary or secondary malignancies after anticancer therapy were recently reported to be increasing in frequency. The authors describe a case of metachronous metastatic pulmonary basaloid carcinoma to the central nervous system that was discovered after chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cervical uterine carcinoma. Two different types of cancer developed within some interval. There's the possibility that a secondary pulmonary neoplasm developed after the chemotherapy and radiotherapy conducted as cervical cancer treatment.
Central Nervous System ; Drug Therapy* ; Lung Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Neoplasms, Second Primary ; Radiotherapy ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to determine whether lipid peroxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals play a critical role in cisplatin(cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II)-induced acute renal failure. METHODS: Animals received cisplatin at a single i.p. dose of 5 mg/kg, and changes in renal function were measured at 48 hr after cisplatin injection. RESULTS: Cisplatin caused an increase in serum creatinine level, which was accompanied by reduction in GFR. The fractional excretion of Na(+), glucose, and inorganic phosphate was increased in animals treated with cisplatin alone. Cisplatin treatment in vivo inhibited PAH uptake by renal cortical slices and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in microsomal fraction. Lipid peroxidation was increased in cisplatin-treated kidneys. When animals received the antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine(DPPD), the iron chelator deferoxamine, and hydroxyl radical scavengers dimethylthiourea and sodium benzoate before cisplatin injection, alterations in renal function and lipid peroxidation induced by cisplatin were significantly prevented. Exposure of renal cortical slices to cisplatin in vitro caused an increase in LDH release and lipid peroxidation, which were completely prevented by DPPD and deferoxamine. By contrast, hydroxyl radical scavengers(dimethylthiourea and thiourea) did not prevent cisplatin-induced LDH release despite they inhibited cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the lipid peroxidation resulting from generation of hydroxyl radicals may play a role in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. In addition, the protective effects of hydroxyl radical scavengers in vivo studies are different from the results obtained from in vitro studies using renal cortical slices.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Animals ; Cisplatin ; Creatinine ; Deferoxamine ; Glucose ; Hydroxyl Radical ; Iron ; Kidney ; Lipid Peroxidation* ; Rabbits* ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Sodium Benzoate

OBJECTIVES: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by arterial or venous thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, many neurological deficits, and presence of anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) or lupus anticoagulant (LA). This study was done to know the clinical and serological characteristics of antiphospholipid syndrome. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory features of 18 patients with APS who had antiphopholipid antibodies and histories of obstetric events and thrombosis were studied. RESULTS: Of the 18 patients, 4 were male, and 14 were female, and the ages ranged from 19 to 64 years. 11 patients were primary APS. 17 patients had ACAs: 11 had IgG ACA; 2 had IgM ACA; 3 had both IgG and IgM; 1 had both IgG and IgA; 1 patient had LA. Antinuclear antibodies were positive (>1:40) in 15 patients, and anti-ds-DNA (>1:10) were present in 8 patients. Hemolytic anemia was noted in 4 patients with positive in only direct Coomb's test, and all were secondary APS. Thrombocytopenia (<150,000/mm3) was observed in 14 patients, 9 patients ranged between 100,000/mm3 and 150,000/mm3. Initial presentation were deep vein thrombosis in 7 patients, pulmonary embolism in 3, arterial occlusion in 3, leg ulcer in 1, spontaneous abortion in 2, preeclampsia in 1, preterm labor in 1. Combined diseases were SLE, Sj gren syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hypertension. In 7 patients associated with cardiac abnormalities, 3 were mitral regurgitation, 4 were pericardial effusion, 1 was dilated cardiomyopathy. Venous thrombosis were present in 11 patients, 6 had deep vein thrombosis only, 3 had both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arterial occlusion were present in 4 patients, 3 had small multiple cerebral infarction, 1 had right common femoral arterial occlusion. Obstetric complications were present 5 patients of 14 female patients: 3 had spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia was present in 1 and preterm labor was present in 1. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and serological features of APS in this study were similar to those of previous reports (Oeffinger et al.,1994: Edelman et al., 1995). Treatment with prednisolone, anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents was used. Of the 10 follow-up patients, none had recurrence of thrombotic events.
Abortion, Spontaneous ; Anemia, Hemolytic ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Anticardiolipin ; Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Anticoagulants ; Antiphospholipid Syndrome* ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; Cerebral Infarction ; Coombs Test ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Leg Ulcer ; Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor ; Male ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pericardial Effusion ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Prednisolone ; Pregnancy ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; Recurrence ; Thrombocytopenia ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Lidocaine, verapamil or a lidocaine-verapamil mixture was effectively applied for blunting extubation during recovery from anesthesia. However, these drugs can enhance neuromuscular blockade and cardiovascular depression. We investigated the neuromuscular and the cardiovascular effect of lidocaine, verapamil or a lidocaine-verapamil mixture before extubation in the recovery from anesthesia. METHODS: We studied ninety nine healthy adult patients (ASA class I or II), excluding the patients with cardiovascular diseases and with factors affecting neuromuscular function. Induction of anesthesia was performed with thiopental sodium 5 mg/kg and fentanyl 0.1 mg, and maintained with O2-N2O (50%)-enflurane (2%). Supramaximal single twitch stimuli (0.1 Hz) were applied to the ulnar nerve and the twitch response of the adductor pollicis was recorded by the Gould TA 240 recorder via a 2 kg Load Cell Strain Gauge modification. After stabilization of the twitch response, mivacurium (0.16 mg/kg) or vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously and endotracheal intubation was performed. Twitch heights were spontaneously recovered without a reversal agent from the neuromuscular blockade as a spontaneous group. Pyridostigmine 10 mg and glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg were administered intravenously around the time of 10% recovery of baseline twitch height as a reversal recovery group. At the time of 100% recovery of twitch height, train of four (TOF) stimuli was applied and then lidocaine, verapamil or a lidocaine-verapamil mixture was administered intravenously in both groups. Maximum depression of twitch height and the TOF ratio at this point, recovery index (RI) measured, and mean arterial pressure and pulse rates were measured before and at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. after the lidocaine-verapamil mixture administration. RESULTS: Twitch heights were depressed slightly after lidocaine, verapamil or a lidocaine-verapamil mixture administration; however, there were no significant differences to compare with the control. TOFratios were unchanged after lidocaine, verapamil or lidocaine-verapamil administration compared at the 100% twitch height recovery. RI indices were not significant between groups in reversal recovery or in spontaneous recovery. Mean arterial pressure was reduced significantly until 20 min after a lidocaine-verapamil mixture administration, pulse rates were increased at 2 min only after a lidocaine- verapamil mixture administration. CONCLUSIONS: Twitch height and TOF ratios were not affected by clinical doses of lidocaine, verapamil or a lidocaine-verapamil mixture. However, mean arterial pressure and pulse rates were changed significantly by a lidocaine-verapamil mixture.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Depression ; Fentanyl ; Glycopyrrolate ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Lidocaine* ; Neuromuscular Blockade* ; Pyridostigmine Bromide ; Thiopental ; Ulnar Nerve ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Verapamil*

Because doxylamine is an antihistamine commonly used as over-the counter sleep preparation, it may bring out overdose. The usual clinical course of the overdose is dominated by the anticholinergic effect of these agents; it include significant autonomic and central nervous system effect. The most frequent symptom included impaired consciousness, seizure, tachycardia, mydriasis and a psychosis similar to that in catatonic stupor. A serious complications may be rhadbomyolysis with subsequent impairment of renal function and acute renal failure. Though the exact mechaism is not clear yet, it seems likely that doxylamine has a direct toxic effect on striated muscle. We report a case of a 22-year-old man who was complicated by rhabdomyolysis and impairment of renal function after doxylamine overdose. He was transported due to reddish urine from other hospital. According to transfer note, when he arrived at emergency room, he had slight drowsy mental state without tonic clonic seizure. He developed a elevated muslce enzyme and showed generalized, multiple uptake in damages muscle with the image of 99MTc-MDP bone scan. He was managed with hydration, urine alkalinization and supportive care during hospitalization. If doxylamine overdose are suspected, we should obtain creatine kinase level. Recognition of the potential for rhabdomyolysis and institution of vigorous treatment may prevent acute renal failure in patients who have taken an overdose of the drug.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Central Nervous System ; Consciousness ; Creatine Kinase ; Doxylamine* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Muscle, Striated ; Mydriasis ; Psychotic Disorders ; Rhabdomyolysis* ; Seizures ; Stupor ; Tachycardia ; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate ; Young Adult

BACLGROUND: It is essential to evaluate hemodynamics of vascular disease in addition to anatomic details. It has been known that the plethysmography represents intravascular(arterial or venous) volume or pressure. Photoplethysmography(PPG) is convenient to use and has been widely used for measurement of venous refill time(VRT). However, it has not been used for evaluation of venous function. OBJECTIVE: Our study aims at testing the feasibility of evaluation of venous function using PPG. METHODS: The maneuver established for air PG was slightly modified and applied for the PPG. The test was performed with the object seated in a chair and the legs dependent. The PPG probe was attached to the limbs within 5 cm from medial malleolus. After standardized procedure of leg-raising, putting the leg in dependent position, 1 tip-toe exercise, and 10 tip-toe exercises, the measured parameters were initial emptying time(E1), amount of volume change(V1), refilling time by hydrostatic pressure(F1), refilling time after 1 tip-toe exercise(F2), and ejected volume(V2) and refilling time after 10tip-toe exercises(F3).
Exercise ; Extremities ; Hemodynamics ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Leg ; Photoplethysmography ; Plethysmography ; Vascular Diseases ; Veins

BACKGROUND: Because of recent advances in the molecular diagnosis of cancer patients, tissue quality has become more important in daily practice. METHODS: To evaluate the effects of fixative, duration of fixation, decalcification, and storage periods on nucleic acid integrity, DNA and RNA were extracted from gastrointestinal cancer tissue. The yield and purity were analyzed, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; 60 bp), beta-actin (148 bp), and human growth hormone (hGH; 434 bp) and real-time reverse transcription-PCR for beta-actin (97 bp) were performed. RESULTS: All formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and methacarn-fixed paraffin-embedded (MFPE) samples tested positive for GAPDH and beta-actin by PCR. hGH was successfully detected in all MFPE samples, but in only 46.7% of the FFPE samples. Prolonged formalin fixation resulted in fewer GAPDH and beta-actin PCR products, and amplification of hGH was not successful. The PCR and reverse transcription-PCR results were significantly affected by the duration of decalcification. The yield, purity, and integrity of mRNA progressively decreased with increased storage periods of paraffin blocks. CONCLUSIONS: Fixation and storage should therefore be standardized in order to improve the quality of molecular pathologic diagnosis.
Actins ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; Formaldehyde ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ; Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate ; Human Growth Hormone ; Humans* ; Oxidoreductases ; Paraffin ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger