This study was designed to evaluated the effects of opioid receptor agonists on the spontaneous alternation behaviour in an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder in rats. According to the theory that dopamine is related to the biological etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the effect of the nalbuphine(opioid kappa agonist) and the tramadol(opioid mu agonist), which act as manipulating agents on the inhibition or stimulation of dopamine release, in the spontaneous alternation behaviour were evaluated. 24 hours prior to the experiment, rats were food-deprived. These rats were put into the T-maze, in which white and black goal boxes were baited with small amounts of chocolate milk. Each rat was given 2 set of 7 trials during which it was placed in the start box and allowed to choose the one of the goal boxes for each time. After identifying the stable baseline of spontaneous alternation behaviour, nonselective 5-HT agonist 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) disrupted spontaneous alternation. Rats were stratified into fluoxetine(10mg/kg/IP), nalbuphine(10mg/kg/IP), tramadol(46.4mg/kg/IP), and saline(0.5cc/IP) injection group with experimental drug treatment for 21 days. The effects on the 5-M?DMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced disruption of spontaneous alternation behaviour were checked at the next day of discontinuation of drug treatment. The results were as follows : 1) At the day after 21 days of the drug treatment, the nalbuphine treated group and the fluoxetine treated group showed significant difference from the tramadol treated group and the saline treated group in the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. 2) Within each drug treatment group, the fluoxetine treated group showed significant difference between before and after the treatment of fluoxetine in the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. And also, the nalbuphine treated group showed significant difference between before and after the treatment of nalbuphine in the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. There was no difference between the baseline and after the treatment of nalbuphine in the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. We indentified that the opioid kappa agonist that act as dopamine release inhibitor affect the spontaneous alternation behaviour which is an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder in rat.
Animals ; Cacao ; Dopamine ; Fluoxetine ; Milk ; Models, Animal ; Nalbuphine ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ; Rats* ; Receptors, Opioid ; Serotonin Receptor Agonists ; Tramadol

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Pneumonia* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma*

No abstract available.
Bronchitis, Chronic* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Addison Disease*

Purpose: Intracavernosal (IC) PDE5 (phosphodiesterase type 5) inhibitors, at tissue levels approaching millimolar concentrations, have been reported to cause penile erection in the absence of sexual stimulation. The objectives of this study were to confirm the effects of three PDE5 inhibitors on penile erection as IC agents, without PNS (pelvic nerve stimulation), and compare the efficacy of these agents on penile erection after intravenous (IV) administration with PNS to that of IC administration without PNS. Materials and Methods: Anesthetized male New Zealand White rabbits (3.5-4.0kg) were divided into two groups, and the penile hemodynamics was assessed by monitoring of the intracavernosal pressure (ICP) after penile erection induced by PNS (2.5Hz, 10V, 0.8msec for 30 seconds) with the IV administration of 3 PDE5 inhibitors or IC administration without PNS. ICP recordings were normalized to the systemic systolic arterial pressure (SAP). The intracavernosally or intravenously administered doses of zaprinast, sildenafil and vardenafil were 30-1,000mug/kg, 1-30mug/kg and 1-30mug/kg, respectively. Results: PNS with IV administration of 3 PDE5 inhibitors caused significant frequency-dependent increases in the ICP. The IC administration of zaprinast, sildenafil and vardenafil produced significant increases in the ICP, in dose dependent fashions. The ICP/SAPs with highest doses of zaprinast, sildenafil and vardenafil tested were 0.656, 0.550 and 0.654 in group with IV administration and 0.625, 0.609 and 0.666 in group with IC administration without PNS, respectively. Conclusions: All 3 PDE5 inhibitors showed increases in the ICP/SAP, in dose dependent manners, in response to IC administration in the absence of PNS as well as PNS with IV administration. IC administration was a much more effective route for penile erection than IV administration.
Arterial Pressure ; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Male ; Penile Erection ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors* ; Rabbits ; Sildenafil Citrate ; Vardenafil Dihydrochloride

Three hundred and fourty two patients with a fracture of tibial shaft were treated and managed in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital from January 1981 to December 1985. In 147 cases, 62 cases had only tibial shaft fracture and 85 tibial and fibular shaft fracture. All of these were treated conservatively by manipulation and cast immibilization. We analyzed the initial fracture characteristics, the treatment employed, and the subsequent complications in fracture healing in a series of patients who had sustained a tibial shaft fracture with and without a fibular fracture. The results were as follows; 1. Duration of average bone healing was more slowly in the patients more than twenty years old who were treated for a tibial shaft fracture with and without a concomitant fibular fracture than in the patients less than twenty years old. 2. Duration of average bone healing was more slowly by one or two weeks in the the group of tibial shaft fracture without fibular fracture than in than in those with fibular fracture. 3. The frequency of delayed union, nonunion, varus malunion and pain in the ipsilateral ankle joint were more increased in the group of the tibial shaft fractures without fibular fracture in than those with fibular fracture. 4. The frequency of valgus malunion was more increased in the group of the tibial shaft fractures with fibular fracture than in those without fibular fracture.
Ankle Joint ; Fracture Healing ; Humans ; Tibia

In vivo and in vitro culture of rat tumor chondrocytes is a good culture model for physiologic, pathologic and biochemical studies of tumor chondrocytes. Human tumor chondrocyte culture is another method, but it is difficult to maintain a cell line and in vivo culture. So called, Swarm Rat Chondrosarcoma, which wss developed spontaneously in a Spra-gue-Dawley rat and maintained by Dr. R. Swarm, can be cultured in vivo and in vitro at the same time. It is easy to maintain Swarm Rat Chondrosarcoma and is said that there are nearly no notable changes in cellular characteristics during consecutive cultures. In this study, in order to establish the basic culture method of rat tumor chondrocytes, the inoculated tumor mass were studied with swarm rat chondrosarcoma cell line which had been preserved at Orthopedic Research Laboratory of the Msssachusetts General Hospital. In vivo culture, injection of digested 1×10(6) cells, 1×10(7) cells and direct inoculation of tumor of mass were done at each 10 Sprague-Dawley rats group and examination was done at postinoculation 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks. In vitro culture, 1×10(6)/ml, 2×10(6)/ml and 4×10(6)/ml concentration cell suspensions were plated at 96-well-plate and observed at 2, 3, 4 and S days with inverted microscope. The results of this study are as follows. 1. In vivo culture, the best result was observed at direct inoculation of tumor fragments among 1×10(6) cells, 1×10(7) cells and direct tumor fragments inoculation. 2. The ideal time of obtaining tumor mass growing in rsts is between 4 to 6 weeks after inoculation. 3. In vitro culture, the proper cell density in 96-well-plate was 1 x 10(6)/ml among 1×10(6)/ml, 2×10(6)/ml snd 4 × 10(6)/ml.
Animals ; Cell Count ; Cell Line ; Chondrocytes ; Chondrosarcoma ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Methods ; Orthopedics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Suspensions

The primary aims of fracture treatment include the restoration of normal anatomy and a return of function to the injuried as early as possible. In pilon fracture, various methods of treatment were developed to accomplish this purpose. Fibular fixstion is a rarely accepted mehtod in the treatment of pilon fractures because it can't provide rigid internal fixation, But it might be indicated when an open wound was : present medially over the distal tibia, the ligamentous attachments of distal fibula and medial malleolus to talus and calcaneus and of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis are largely intict. Utilizing these attachment, Fibular fixation can stabilize comminuted fractures of distal tibia affecting ankle joint. This procedure is so effective and simple The author has used this technique in three instances for two years with excellent results. This is not an original method, but worthy of being remindful of the literature.
Ankle Joint ; Ankle ; Calcaneus ; Fibula ; Fractures, Comminuted ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Talus ; Tibia ; Tibial Fractures ; Wounds and Injuries

The treatment of supracondylar fracture of humerus in children has so many pitfalls as to be once called "supracondylar dilemma". The authors analyzed the follow-up results of fifty-six displaced extension type supracondylar fractures treated by percutaneous pinning and by open reduction from 1982 to 1989. The mean age was 7.6 years, ranging from three years to fifteen years. Forty three fractures were treated by percutaneous pinning and thirteen by open reduction. According to the modified Flynn's criteria, the results of the treatment by percutaneous pinning were excellent 36%, good 32%, fair 25% and poor 7%, while those of open reduction were 8%, 42%, 8% and 42% , respectively, on average follow up of 1.4 years. Post-operative complications were found in seven cases (16.7%) of percutaneous pinning, and in five cases(38.5%) of open reduction. Poorly chosen surgical approach for open reduction was appeared to be related with unsatisfactory results. We believe that percutaneous pinning was a simple, effective method for treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus. We agree, however, that open reduction is still indicated if manipulative reduction before pinning is unacceptable, or if the fracture is complicated by neurovascular or open injury.
Child ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Humerus ; Methods