BACKGROUND: Although postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy is known to reduce cardiovascular mortality, the mechanism is not clear yet. Furthermore, the effect of estrogen on vascular tonus is reportedly variable according to the animal models, vascular beds and agonists used. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Bilateral ovariectomies were performed in 12 week-old, 18 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 18 normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Rats were divided into three groups according to the dose of 17beta-estradiol (E 2 ) pellets implanted subcutaneously two weeks after ovariectomy: control (no implantation), low-dose (0.5 mg) and high-dose (5 mg) E 2 replacement group. Two weeks after pellet implantation, organ bath experiments were performed using descending thoracic aortae. For endothelium-dependent relaxation, acetylcholine (10(-9) -3x10(-6) M) was cumulatively added into the vessels precontracted with 10(-7) M norepinephrine (NE). For vasoconstrictor responses, cumulative concentration-contraction curves were constructed in quiescent vessels using NE (10(-9) -10(-5) M), U46619 (10(-9) -3x10(-6) M), endothelin-1 (10(-10) -10(-7) M). In addition, contraction to angiotensin II (10(-7) M) was also obtained. Serum 17beta-estradiol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff method in some SHRs before ovariectomy and after placebo/E 2 replacement. RESULTS: Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired in WKY treated with 5 mg E 2 (pIC 50 : control vs 5mg E 2 : 7.75+/-0.13 vs 7.27+/-0.16: n=6: p<0.05). No significant effect was noted in SHR. Contraction to angiotensin II was inhibited by low-dose E 2 in WKY and high-dose E 2 in SHR (% of the contraction to 60 mM KCl: WKY: control vs 0.5 mg E 2 : 39+/-5 vs 25+/-2: SHR: control vs 5 mg E 2 : 34+/-4 vs 22+/-2: n=6 and p<0.05 in WKY and SHR). In contrast, NE-induced contraction was enhanced by E 2 replacement (both low- and high-dose) in WKY and SHR (WKY: control vs 0.5 mg E 2 vs 5 mg E 2 : AUC: 280+/-24 vs 387+/-26 vs 374+/-25: maximal contraction: 137+/-8 vs 166+/-8 vs 162+/-3: pD 2 : 7.63+/-0.11 vs 8.17+/-0.13 vs 8.13+/-0.13: SHR: control vs 0.5 mg E 2 vs 5 mg E 2 : AUC: 265+/-17 vs 349+/-16 vs 406+/-19: maximal contraction: 152+/-6 vs 181+/-9 vs 203+/-16: pD 2 : 7.45+/-0.13 vs 7.91+/-0.08 vs 8.04+/-0.04: n=6 and p<0.05 between control and treated groups in WKY and SHR for all parameters). Contraction to U46619 was enhanced by E 2 replacement in SHR (control vs 0.5 mg E 2 : AUC: 478+/-30 vs 574+/-23: maximal contraction: 181+/-9 vs 230+/-10: n=6: p<0.05 for both parameters). Maximal contractile response to endothelin-1 was also enhanced in SHR (control vs 0.5 mg E 2 vs 5 mg E 2 : maximal contraction: 165+/-7 vs 189+/-7 vs 199+/-8: n=6 and p<0.05 between control and treated groups) but not in WKY. Blood pressure was not different between placebo and E 2- treated SHR (171+/-2 vs 174+/-4 mmHg). CONCLUSION: In WKY, chronic high-dose estrogen replacement impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine.: low-dose estrogen replacement does not affect endothelium-dependent relaxation in SHR and WKY. Estrogen replacement enhances the contraction to most of the contractile agonists tested except angiotensin II in both WKY and SHR. These results suggest that estrogen replacement affect the vascular tonus differently according to the vasoactive substances and/or hormones without significant effect on blood pressure.
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid ; Acetylcholine ; Angiotensin II ; Animals ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Area Under Curve ; Baths ; Blood Pressure ; Endothelin-1 ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy* ; Estrogens* ; Female ; Models, Animal ; Mortality ; Norepinephrine ; Ovariectomy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR* ; Relaxation

It is now generally accepted that most, if not all, colon cancers originate within previously benign adenomas. Endoscopic polyp resection and regular follow up endoscopic examination are essential for prevention of carcinoma fro benign adenoma. However, small colorectal polyps are difficult to recognize during follow up endoscopic examinations because of the lack of reliable endoscopic landmarkers. Endoscopic Indiaink marking of the colon was first described by Ponsky and King in l975. The method has subsequently been advocated by expert as the best available means to mark the site of a colonic lesion. We prospectively studied the effectiveness of India ink as a long term colonic mucosal marker. Twelve patients who were diagnosed as colorectal polyp had a India ink marking with standard sclerotherapy needle. All patients who were followed at 6 months interval (mean duration 13 months) continue to display intensely stained mucosa at the original sites. No side effects or complications were encountered. India ink appears to be a safe and effective long term marker for colonic mucosal lesions.
Adenoma ; Colon* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; India* ; Ink* ; Mucous Membrane* ; Needles ; Polyps ; Prospective Studies ; Sclerotherapy

No abstract available.
Anesthesia, Spinal*

No abstract available.
Anesthesia, Spinal*

BACKGROUND: There is a clinical need for a simpler measurement of global cardiac function incorporating elements of both systole and diastole. Doppler time index is theoretically regarded as a sensitive index of global left ventricular perfomance and defined as the sum of isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) divided by ejection time (ET). This study was designed to determine the clinical usefulness of the Doppler time index in patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as well as systolic dysfunction. METHODS: The study population consisted of 23 patients with hypertension as a diastolic dysfunction group, 16 patients with low ejection fraction as a systolic dysfunction group and 31 subjects with normal LV function. The ejection fraction (EF) was measured using M-mode echocardiography. Doppler profiles such as IVCT, IVRT and ET were obtained from Doppler echocardiography. The Doppler time index [ (IVCT+RT)/ET] was calculated from each Doppler velocity profiles. RESULTS: IVRT, IVRT/ET and (IVCT+VRT)/ET were significantly increased in the diastolic dysfunction group (120.5+/-19.5 msec, 0.45+/-0.1, 0.64+/-0.2, respectively:p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively) compared with normal subjects (66.1+/-17.4 msec, 0.25+/-0.0, 0.41+/-0.1). IVCT and IVRT were significantly increased and ET was significantly shortened in systolic dysfunction group (75.4+/-25.7, 144.0+/-39.5 msec, 242.7+/-46.5 msec respectively:p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.05, respectively) compared with diastolic dysfunction group (50.4+/-23.0 msec, 120.5+/-19.5 msec, 276.8+/-44.6 msec, respectively). IVCT/ET, IVRT/ET and (IVCT+IVRT)/ET also were increased in patients with systolic dysfunction group (0.32+/-0.1, 0.61+/-0.2, 0.93+/-0.2 respectively:p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.001, res-pectively) compared with diastolic dysfunction group (0.19+/-0.1, 0.45+/-0.1, 0.64+/-0.2). Ejection fraction calculated by M-mode parameters was significantly correlated with (IVCT+IVRT)/ET (correlation coefficient - 0.605, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The Doppler time index was significantly difficient from normal subjects in patients with isolated LV diastolic dysfunction as well as in those with systolic dysfunction. Thus, this index can be used as a sensitive indicator of myocardial performance.
Diastole ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Relaxation ; Systole ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

PURPOSE: To evaluate the radiologic findings of carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis and associated anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with fourteen cases of carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis collectedfrom January 1992 to December 1997 were reviewed. Clinical diagnosis refered for cerebral angiography werecerebral infarction(n=3), intracranial hemorrhage(n=2), subarachnoid hemorrhage(n=1), brain tumor(n=3),arteriovenous malformation(n=3) and trigeminal neuralgia(n=1). Cerebral angiograms and clinical symptoms wereretrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The fourteen carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomsis consisted of eleven cases ofpersistent trigeminal artery and three cases of type I proatantal intersegmental artery. Persistent trigeminalarteries were associated with anterior communicating artery aneurysm(n=1), posterior fossa arteriovenousmalformation(n=2) and persistent trigeminal artery variant(n=5). Type I proatantal intersegmental arteries wereassociated with hypoplastic vertebral arteries(n=2) : only proximal segment in one, and proximal and distalsegments in one case. Only one patient had clinical symptom related to the carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosiswhich was trigeminal neuralgia. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the anatomical and radiologic findings ofcarotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis and associated anomalies will aid in the accurate diagnosis of neurovasculardisease and prevent possible complications during surgical and interventional procedures.
Arteries ; Brain ; Cerebral Angiography ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Trigeminal Neuralgia

No abstract available.
Choledochal Cyst*

Ionizing radiation including I131 might produce chromosomal translocation, causing hematologic malignancy. The incidence of leukemia following radioactive iodine treatment for thyroid cancer has been reported to be approximately 0.1 to 2.0% in Western countries, whereas fewer cases have been reported in Korea. We hereby report four cases of secondary hematologic malignancy, who received iodine therapy for thyroid cancer after thyroidectomy: two cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), a case of MDS with 5q deletion, and a case of MDS with normal karyotype. Three cases of hematologic malignancy have developed after cumulative dosage of less than 800 mCi. The treatment intervals in two cases were less than 12 months, and the other two cases had I131 therapy only once. Assessment of causality using the Naranjo probability scale for adverse drug reactions showed that a 'possible' relationship existed between the use of I131 and secondary hematologic malignancy in all of the four cases in this report.
Adult ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Hematologic Neoplasms/*diagnosis/genetics ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/*diagnosis/etiology ; Middle Aged ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes/diagnosis/genetics ; Neoplasms, Second Primary/*diagnosis/genetics ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis/genetics ; Thyroid Neoplasms/*radiotherapy ; Thyroidectomy ; Translocation, Genetic

Moyamoya disease is a progressive cerebrovascular disorder with stenosis or occlusion of the bilateral internal carotid arteries with abnormal vascular networks at the base of the brain. Previous reports have shown that there are extracranial vascular involvements in Moyamoya disease, especially in the renal artery. We report a 7-year-old patient with Moyamoya disease associated with renovascular hypertension, who presented in infancy with seizures and hemiparesis. Renal angiography showed multiple stenoses of the right renal artery. Although renal artery stenosis in Moyamoya disease has been effectively treated with balloon angioplasty, stent implantation, or surgery, balloon angioplasty could not be done in this patient due to multiple stenoses. His blood pressure was successfully controlled with medical treatment, and remained normotensive during the follow up period of 6 months.
Angiography ; Angioplasty, Balloon ; Blood Pressure ; Brain ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Child ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension, Renovascular* ; Moyamoya Disease* ; Paresis ; Renal Artery ; Renal Artery Obstruction ; Seizures ; Stents

Interferon has been tried as a drug of choice in patients with chronic active hepatitis by hepatitis B virus infection since Greenberg has reported the effectiveness of interferon in 1976. The effects of interferon therapy have been reported variably and various complications such as fever, myalgia, arthralgia, flu-like symptoms, temporary leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, alopecia, cardiovascular symptoms and autoimmune diseases have been reported. But rhabdomyolysis has been rarely reported in the interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis B. There were some cases of rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure in the interferon therapy which was designed for chemotherapy of malignant melanoma and for chronic active hepatitis C virus infection. We reported a case of rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure developed during the interferon therapy in a patient with chronic active hepatitis B.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Alopecia ; Arthralgia ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Drug Therapy ; Fever ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Hepatitis, Chronic* ; Humans ; Interferons* ; Leukopenia ; Melanoma ; Myalgia ; Rhabdomyolysis* ; Thrombocytopenia