While the therapeutic efficacy of antipsychotic drugs is not in doubt, a variety of undesirable side effects are common. They can be a disincentive to good compliance with treatment, resulting in increased possibilities for relapse and hospitalization. They can be distressing and disabling and thus interfering with patient safety and quality of life. Furthermore, they may be counter-therapeutic by exacerbating the condition that the drug was prescribed for. In this article, we will provide an overview of management of antipsychotic-induced side effects, with a particular emphasis on the most common side effects as well as less common but serious side effects. In addition, some practical issues regarding the management of side effects will b discussed.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Compliance ; Hospitalization ; Motivation ; Patient Safety ; Quality of Life ; Recurrence

Only a few cases of cyst related to cruciate ligament were reported in the literatrure. It is not only because of rarity but also difficulty of diagnosis by conventional method. Recentely, the precise intraarticular structure of the knee joint became to be seen by introduction of MRI and arthroscope and cycts would bave been found incidentally during the workup of the internal derangement of knee. We have experienced three cases of ganglion around the cruciate ligament in the patients whose symptom was mimic of intemal derangement of knee. We excised the ganglion with good clinical results.
Arthroscopes ; Diagnosis ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Methods

No abstract available.
Antibody Formation* ; Dust* ; Immunotherapy* ; Pyroglyphidae*

No abstract available.

Isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament has been thought very rare. We also had experienced only nine cases of above injury in our center during 5.5 years from January, 1976 to June, 1981. Eight cases of them were followed for an average of the thirteen months, but one of them was eliminated from the study because follow-up study was impossible for the case. The purposes of this paper are to present eight cases of isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament and to discuss the causes and mechanisms of the injury and the method of screw fixation for the avulsed fracture fragment. Seven were injured by traffic accident and one by fall on the knee. All cases seemed to be injured by the force directed against the flexed knee which violently stroke the anterior surface of the proximal end of the tibia or inferior portion of the knee and drove it backwards. We found the tear of posterior capsule only in one patient who was seeming injured by extensive force. All cases were treated operatively by means of screw fixation, and excellent results were obtained in five cases, good in two, and fair in one case.
Accidents, Traffic ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Knee ; Methods ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament ; Stroke ; Tears ; Tibia

No abstract available.
Immunization, Passive* ; Immunoglobulins*

Speech characteristics of cleft palate have been reported previously by hypernasality disorders. However, some cleft palate patients suffered from articulation disorders although they were taken surgery at an early time. Misarticulations of cleft palate patients are caused by abnormal lingual-palatal contacts. Traditionally, the Palatograpy has been used to see the lingual-palatal patterns. However, on this study, the Electropalatography(Palatometer) was used to investigate the comparison with lingual-palatal patterns between normal adult and cleft palate adult. The Nasometer model 6200-3 was used separately to measure the nasalance for cleft palate patient. The acoustic characteristics of cleft palate patients with respect to the palatographic patterns were examined by Computerized Speech Lab(IBM). The dental reflector was applied to measure the nasal airflow when cleft palate patient uttered. Test words were composed of meaningless mono syllabic words VCV (V: low center vowel /a/, C: alveolar stop, velar stop, affricate, fricative and lateral sounds). The subjects repeated the test words 10 times for statistic analysis. As a result of the palatographic patterns and the burst durations for stop consonants and the durations for fricative consonants, the cleft palate patients showed broader contact area, longer burst durations and fricative consonant durations than normal. It means that the cleft palate speech showed more tenseness of consonants than normal. By palatographic patterns, the misarticulation of cleft palate patient showed as follows : (1) Lingual-palatal contact of alveolar stop showed the palatalized misarticulation. (2) Lingual -palatal contact of velar stop moved forward in comparison with normal. However, posterior lateral contact areas were broader than normal contact area. (3) Lingual-palatal contact of affricate moved backward with narrower constriction than normal. (4) Fricative consonant showed lateral misarticulation.
Acoustics ; Adult ; Articulation Disorders ; Cleft Palate* ; Constriction ; Humans ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation

Etretinate, an effective retinoid in the treatment of pustular, erythrodermic and chronic plaque type psoriasis, has the disadvantage of a long terminal elimination half-life. On the other hand, acitretin, the active metabolite of etretinate, has much shorter terminal elimination half-life and is being reported as an agent with good antipsoriatic activity by several authors. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of acitret.in in comparison with etretinate, we treated 10 patients wit,h acitretin at a dose of 30mg per day and 11 patients with etretinate at a same dose for 12 weeks. The PASI score at 12 week was significantly reduced in each group as compared with baseline PASI score. In the acitretin treated group the initial PASI score of 14.5 reduced to 3.9, while the etretinate group PASI score reduced from 12.0 to 3.1. The PASI score differ ences between the acitretin and etretinate groups at each time during therapy and the end of therapy were not statistically significant. The severity of adverse reactions with acitretin was similar to those with etretinate but their incidence was higher. The change in laboratory parameters in the acitretin group was simlar to that of the etretinate group. In view of these results and the known pharmacokinetic advantage of acitretin, that is the short terminal elimination half-life, it is conceivable that acitretin may be a useful alternative to etretinate in the treatment of psoriasis.
Acitretin* ; Etretinate* ; Half-Life ; Hand ; Humans ; Incidence ; Psoriasis*

This report describes clinical cases of a palato-gingival groove on a maxillary lateral incisor with associated localized periodontal disease and pulp necrosis. The tooth of the first case was extracted because of severe bone destruction. The palato-gingival groove of the second case was eliminated using a round bur, and the resulting defect was filled with synthetic graft and covered by an absorbable membrane. Both diagnosis and treatment of palato-gingival groove were very difficult and usually extraction of the involved tooth is the treatment of choice, but combined endodontic-periodontic treatment allowed the tooth to be saved.
Dental Pulp Necrosis ; Diagnosis ; Incisor* ; Membranes ; Periodontal Diseases ; Tooth ; Transplants

OBJECTIVES: Percutaneous vertebroplasty has recently been introduced as an interesting therapeutic alternative for the treatment of thoracolumbar vertebral body fractures in elderly persons with osteoporosis. The authors present the early results of this method. METHOD AND MATERIAL: From July 1999 to April 2000, percutaneous transpedicular technique was used in 20 patients (2 men and 18 women) whose mean age was 67.5 years old(range 59-79) with painful vertebral compression(22) and burst(2) fractures. The interval between fracture and vertebroplasty ranged 1 day to 4 months. The procedure involved percutaneous puncture of the injured vertebra via transpedicular approach under fluoroscopic guidance, followed by injection of polymethylmetacrylate(PMMA) into the vertebral body through a disposable 11-guage Jamshidi needle. RESULT: The most common cause of fracture was slip down and the most frequent injured level was the twelfth thoracic spine. The procedure was technically successful bilaterally in 18 patients(9 thoracic and 15 lumbar spines) with an average injection amount of 7.7ml PMMA in each level. Seventeen(94.4%) patients reported significant pain relief immediately after treatment. Two leaks of PMMA were detected with postoperative CT in spinal epidural space and extravertebral soft tissue without clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION: Although this study represents the early results, percutaneous vertebroplasty seems to be valuable tool in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral body fractures in elderly, providing acute pain relief and early mobilization.
Acute Pain ; Aged ; Early Ambulation ; Epidural Space ; Fractures, Compression ; Humans ; Male ; Needles ; Osteoporosis ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Punctures ; Spine ; Vertebroplasty*