BACKGROUND : A discussion of the chronologic trends of operative indications of breast masses for proper management of breast masses is desirable. METHODS : A retrospective analysis of 882 patients with breast masses who underwent operations at Kangnam General Hospital from January 1986 to December 1997 was done. All the lesions were classified according to for age, size of the mass, and the pathologic result. Concurrently, the distributions of the different masses were retrospectively analyzed for each one-year time period. RESULTS : The most prevalent age group was the third decade (28.6%) followed by the fourth decade (25.3%) and the fifth decade (24.4%). The most common lesion was fibroadenoma (38.7%), followed by mammary dysplasia (22.6%) and malignancy (18.3%). In fibroadenoma, the most common pathologic type was intracanalicular (34.9%), and the juvenile type occurred in significantly younger patients compared to other types (19.2 vs 29.2 years of age). In mammary dysplasia, the most common pathologic type was fibrous (74.4%), and the epithelial hyperplasia and adenosis types were occurred in older patients compared to the other types (39.1 and 41.0 vs 33.5 and 35.4 years of age). As the chronologically changing pattern of the pathologic types, the number of mammary dysplasia had a decreasing tendency and fibroadenoma had a relatively increasing one, and the reason may be the effect of fine-needle aspiration cytology. CONCLUSIONS : The result of this study shows that the distribution of the disease in terms of age and frequency is almost the same as that of other reported results. The trend of the disease types in terms of the time period shows that the operation rate for fibroadenomas is increasing while the rate for mammary dysplasia is decreasing. This tendency might come from the decreasing use of surgical biopsy for mammary dysplasia.
Biopsy* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Breast* ; Fibroadenoma ; Fibrocystic Breast Disease ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: Given the considerable disagreement between the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and the American Board of Orthodontics Cast-Radiograph Evaluation, we aimed to develop a novel assessment system-the Improvement and Completion of Outcome (ICO) index-to evaluate the outcome of orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Sixteen criteria from 4 major categories were established to represent the pretreatment malocclusion status, as well as the degree of improvement and level of completion of outcome during/after treatment: dental relationship (arch length discrepancy, irregularity, U1-SN, and IMPA); anteroposterior relationship (overjet, right and left molar position, ANB); vertical relationship (anterior overbite, anterior open-bite, lateral open-bite, SN-MP); and transverse relationship (dental midline discrepancy, chin point deviation, posterior cross-bite, occlusal plane cant). The score for each criterion was defined from 0 or −1 (worst) to 5 (ideal value or normal occlusion) in gradations of 1. The sum of the scores in each category indicates the area and extent of the problems. Improvement and completion percentages were estimated based on the pre- and post-treatment total scores and the maximum total score. If the completion percentage exceeded 80%, treatment outcome was considered successful. RESULTS: Two cases, Class I malocclusion and skeletal Class III malocclusion, are presented to represent the assessment procedure using the ICO index. The difference in the level of improvement and completion of treatment outcome can be clearly explained by using 2 percentage values. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the ICO index enables the evaluation of the quality of orthodontic treatment objectively and consecutively throughout the entire treatment process.
Chin ; Dental Occlusion ; Malocclusion ; Molar ; Orthodontics ; Overbite ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: Medical narratives entry is a major issue to be solved in developing an electronic medical record system operating in practice, as they are, in large part, described in a free-text format. The issue can be dealt with in three aspects: to improve the reusability by structuring medical narratives, to support clinical pragmatics in medical fields, and to reduce the burden of data entry. With the aspects having in mind, this paper purports to present an ontological method for better way of medical narratives entry. METHODS: We developed an ontology for which medical knowledge is structurally represented. Then we can enter medical narrative texts with commands of the controlled natural language operable on the ontology model. RESULTS: Many theoretical studies on free-text entry were reviewed, based on which an authoring and editing tool for natural language description operable on the ontology model has been developed and tested. The performance of the tool is satisfactory within the limit of the domain models we developed here. CONCLUSION: The results of this paper are contributive for clinicians to make an easy entry of medical narratives as far as the ontology model covers their knowledge domain. It is also expected that the cost in recording medical narratives might be considerably reduced and data quality can be improved.
Electronic Health Records ; Models, Theoretical ; Data Accuracy

BACKGROUND: Aortic intramural hemorrhage (IMH), which presents clinical manifestations identical to acute aortic dissection, is suggested to have different pathology and pathophysiology. The purposes of this study were to diagnose IMH by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) prospectively and to compare clinical and echocardiographic outcome of IMH with those of aortic dissection. METHODS: Between August 1991 and November 1996, 27 IMH and 73 acute aortic dissection were diagnosed using TEE in 202 consecutive patients with suspected aortic dissection. TEE diagnoses of IMH and aortic dissection were initially compared with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and later confirmed by operative findings (n=39) or follow-up changes (n=12). RESULTS: In the 49 patients whose diagnosis was confirmed by operation or follow-up changes, the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of IMH were 27 of 27 (100%) and 20 of 22 (91%), respectively. There were 11 deaths (15%) in acute aortic dissection and 1 death (4%) in IMH during follow-up of 1.7+/-1.5 years (p=NS). Stanford classification and types of treatment were not related to death in both groups. Complications were less frequently noted in IMH (3/27) than in acute aortic dissection (24/73) (p<0.001) and no death occurred in uncomplicated IMH who were medically treated. Follow-up study of 12 IMH patients showed 8 complete resolution, 3 regression, 1 progression. CONCLUSION: TEE is very useful in diagnosis of IMH and IMH has better outcome than the aortic dissection due to absence of communication and intimal tear.
Classification ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pathology ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: Aortic intramural hemorrhage (IMH), which presents clinical manifestations identical to acute aortic dissection, is suggested to have different pathology and pathophysiology. The purposes of this study were to diagnose IMH by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) prospectively and to compare clinical and echocardiographic outcome of IMH with those of aortic dissection. METHODS: Between August 1991 and November 1996, 27 IMH and 73 acute aortic dissection were diagnosed using TEE in 202 consecutive patients with suspected aortic dissection. TEE diagnoses of IMH and aortic dissection were initially compared with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and later confirmed by operative findings (n=39) or follow-up changes (n=12). RESULTS: In the 49 patients whose diagnosis was confirmed by operation or follow-up changes, the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of IMH were 27 of 27 (100%) and 20 of 22 (91%), respectively. There were 11 deaths (15%) in acute aortic dissection and 1 death (4%) in IMH during follow-up of 1.7+/-1.5 years (p=NS). Stanford classification and types of treatment were not related to death in both groups. Complications were less frequently noted in IMH (3/27) than in acute aortic dissection (24/73) (p<0.001) and no death occurred in uncomplicated IMH who were medically treated. Follow-up study of 12 IMH patients showed 8 complete resolution, 3 regression, 1 progression. CONCLUSION: TEE is very useful in diagnosis of IMH and IMH has better outcome than the aortic dissection due to absence of communication and intimal tear.
Classification ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pathology ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVE: The medical records of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) were analyzed to extract medical concepts and their relationships in order to construct a basic medical ontology. METHODS: The medical records included the admission note, vital signs record, doctors' order sheets, progress notes, emergency notes, discharge summary, surgical record, and anesthesia record. RESULTS: A total of 396 concepts, 16 relationships, and 460 connections were created. Fourteen top-level concepts, such as body, sign, and procedure, were found. The most common relationship was 'isA' and the second was 'isPartOf'. All the relationships between the concepts were displayed using the graphic tool GraphViz. CONCLUSION: A pilot ontology on COPD was constructed through a medical record analysis. The asynchronous cooperation using a web interface for the ontology construction was helpful.
Anesthesia ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Medical Records* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Vital Signs