There are a number of formulas to calculate the implant power in cataract surgery, but SRK(TM) regression formula has been used to calculate the power of over 90% of all IOLs implanted in U.S.A.. The same may be said of our country. A constant in the SRK(TM) formula exerts an influence on the accuracy of any implant power calculation by various factors. Furthermore, it is suspicious that A constant designated in West shall apply to the Koreans, because anatomical structure of the eye between the two is more or less different. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired postoperative refractive state, it is desirable to individualize the SRK(TM) regression formula by calculating a revised A constant using a given style of lens implant from the same manufacturer. This study included 418 posterior chamber lenses of 5 different styles undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantion in the Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam University Hospital. Revised A constants were calculated retrospectively by evaluating the results. Predicted postoperative refractive state after IOL implantation of the power given by using Binkhorst formula, SRK(TM) formula with designated A constant and SRK(TM) formula with revised A constant, respectively, and actual postoperative refractive state were compared and analyzed to evaluate the accuracy among those three groups. The results were as follows: 1. The revised A constants obtained from retrospective analysis were as follows: IOLAB, 116.1; 3M, 115.1; Cilco with angulated haptics, 116.4: Copeland, 116.1; Cilco with uniplanar haptics, 115.2. The revised A constants in all the styles of implants were more or less reduced than the designated A constants. 2. There were no difference in the revised A constants between phacoemulification group and planned extracapsular cataract extraction group. 3. In all the styles of IOLs, the SRK(TM) formulas with revised A constants weremore accurate than the Binkhorst formulas and the SRK(TM) formulas with designated A constants in deternining IOL power. 4. In accuracy according to variable axial lengths and corneal refractive powers among those three groups, better result was obtained in the SRK with revised A constant.
Cataract ; Cataract Extraction ; Jeollanam-do ; Lenses, Intraocular* ; Ophthalmology ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.

The finite element method was utilized to find the rigidity of the device in changing the parameters, such as geometrical configuration, material property, and loading condition in an external fixation. In the experimental analysis, a universal testing machine(UTM) was used to evaluate the rigidity of EBI, Monofixator and Hoffmann under the different type of lodings, such as axial compression, bending and torsion in changing the parameters. The result was compared with those of the experimental work. The results were as follows: 1) In standard condition, the yielding loads in axial compression were 85Kg in the EBI, 55Kg in the Hoffmann, and 100Kg in the Monofixator, The rigidity figures were 2930N/cm in the EBI, 764N/cm in the Hoffmann, and 2391M/cm in the Monofixator. Z) The experimental method was adapted to figure out the effect of parametric change on the stiffness of 3 different external fixation apparatus(Monofixator,EBI, Hoffmann). A Monofixator with a parametric change of pin diameter from 6mm to 5mm indicated 40% reduction of stiffness in axial compression and 60% reduction of stiffness in torsion. Also, in the case of the change of pin group separation from 20cm to 15cm it showed 64% increase of stiffness in, AP bending. EBI with the increase of the distance between pin and aluminum bar to 8cm showed 32% decrement of stiffness in axial compression and 38% decrement of stiffness in AP bending. The stiffness of the Hoffmann device was remarkable according to the number of the pin used and the distance between the pin and the aluminum bar. 3) Concerning the difference between the experimental analysis and finite element method in a Monofixator, the results of the experimental analysis were 10% to 37% lower than those of the finite element method. The reason is thought to be caused by complete binding. The obtained data shed light on the future guide-lines and future alterations of the design factors in external fixation device. Approprate use of the obtained information is desirable for the optimal,treatment of the fractured long bone.
Aluminum ; External Fixators ; Methods

No abstract available.

The authors experienced a case of orbital neurilemoma, which is a rare benign tumor of the orbit, in a 31-year-old Korean female. At her first visit, she complained of decreased visual acuity for 3 years and protruded eyeball for 1.5 years in her left eye. After removal of mass, histopathologic examination confirmed neurilemoma.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Neurilemmoma ; Orbit* ; Visual Acuity

We recently observed an unusual case of visual loss after periocular injection of silicone oil. A 31-year-old woman immediately experienced total loss of vision in the left eye with ipsilateral headache and ocular pain, dyspnea, abdominal pain, general weakness, and transient coma after subcutaneous injection of silicone oil on the glabellar area to reduce the facial wrinkles. We believe that the cause of blindness was multiple embolization in the central retinal artery and posterior ciliary branches of the ophthalmic artery.
Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Blindness* ; Coma ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Injections, Intraocular ; Injections, Subcutaneous* ; Ophthalmic Artery ; Retinal Artery ; Silicone Oils*

Retrospective studies were performed in 338 cases among 633 cases under the age of 12 who visited the ophthalmologic department of Chonnam National University hospital from Jan. 1982 to Dec 1989. With this sample group, we have assessed information such as detected time of strabismus, type of deviation, sex distribution, refractory power, visual acuity test, angle of strabismus as well as operative result. After through study and analytical review of our data, we report these results of our study. 1. Sex distribution was 161 male(47.6%) and 177 female(52.4%), too redundant. Average age(year) at time of detection of esotropia, exotropia and hypertropia was 2.4, 3.8, 2.4 respectively. 2. Distribution according to type of strabismus was 103 cases(30.5%) of esotropia, 230 cases(68.0%) of exotropia, 5 cases(1.5%) of hypertropia. Again, too redundant. In esotropia, nonaccommodative esotropia included 65 cases(63.1%) and in exotropia, intermittent exotropia included 145 cases(63.0%). 3. Preoperative angle deviation of 25-40 delta in esotropia was observed in 58 cases(56.3%), but was observed 79.6% in 183 cases of exotropia. In those involving hypertropia 32 cases(60.0%) have had preoperative angle deviation below 20 delta, the largest number. 4. Type of refractory abnormality in esotropia was mostly hyperopic. Range of +2.0D - +4.0D was measured in 32 cases(32.3%) and showed variable distribution in exotropia, but the range of -1.0D - +1.0D in 119 cases(55.9%) was the greatest in number. 5. The number of patients who underwent surgery was 234(69.2%) and 104(30.8%) had no operation. Average age(year) at the time of the operation was 3.4 for esotropia, 5.4 for exotropia and 5.5 for hypertropia. Again, too redundant/obvious. 6. In esotropia medial rectus recession(65.3%) was performed, most frequently. In exotropia lateral rectus recession(86.2%) was performed, most often. As a result of primary operative repair of esotropia, normal position was achieved in 12 cases(24.5%). In 34 cases(69.4%), there was undercorrection, one hundred- five and overcorrection was observed in 3 cases(6.1%). 105 cases of exotropia attained normal position, 54 cases had undercorrection, and 22 cases had overcorrection. In vertical strabismus, 3(75%) attained normal position, and one(25%) undercorrection was observed. 7. Amblyopia occurred in 64 cases(18.9%), its distribution was 37 cases of esotropia, 26 cases of exotropia, and 1 case of hypertropia. After performing occlusion, at least a two-level vision test chart improvement was attained in 84.4% of cases.
Amblyopia ; Child* ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Paraphilic Disorders ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Distribution ; Strabismus* ; Vision Tests ; Visual Acuity

The authors compared and analysed planned extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE) and Kelman phacoemulsification(KPE) on the 1000 cases out of 1546 cases which had undergone cataract operation during the period of September, 1983 through June, 1989. The results were as follows; 1. Postoperative visual acuity of 0.5 or better was achieved in 96%(960 eyes) and 1.0 or better in 67.6%(676 eyes). Average of visual acuity was similar each other: 0.92 +/- 0.24 in planned ECCE and 1.00 +/- 0.21 in KPE. 2. The mean spherical equivalent of required spectacle lens power was similar too: -1.07D +/- 1.51 in total, -1.08D +/- 1.57 in planned ECCE and -1.05D +/- 1.42 in KPE. 3. The mean postoperative astigmatism was -0.81D +/- 1.05 in total, -0.98D +/- 1.15 in planned ECCE and -0.54D +/- 0.79 in KPE. There was significant correlation between two groups(P<0.01). 4. The difference between predicted and postoperative refraction in terms of spherical equivalent was -0.36D +/- 1.12 in total, -0.36D +/- 1.12 in planned ECCE and -0.37D +/- 1.11 in KPE with no significant different value. The difference by Binkhorst formula was -0.50D +/- 1.10, and -0.06D +/- 1.09, the significant correlative value by regression SRK formula(P<0.05). 5. Mean changes of corneal refractive power was 0.43D +/- 0.99 in horizontal meridian and -0.21D +/-1.14 in vertical meridian in planned ECCE and 0.23D +/- 0.72 in horizontal meridian and 0.01D +/- 0.90 in vertical meridian in KPE. There was significant correlation between two groups(P<0.01). 6. The correlation between postoperative corneal astigmetism and actual astigmatism by skiascopy was very close: regression coefficient was 0.64087 in total, 0.62698 in planned ECCE and 0.62026 in KPE respectively(P<0.01).
Astigmatism ; Cataract ; Retinoscopy ; Visual Acuity

In a jaundiced patient, it is important to ascertain as early as possible whether the bile duct is dilated. Ultrasonography, computed tomography & conventional cholangiography are widely accepted methods of determining the size of the extrahepatic bile ducts. But there is a considerable discrepancy among the size of the bile duct as measured from them. So the author analyzed and compared the respective diameters of the bile ducts in Korean normal adults as measured from cadaver, IV cholangiography, ultrasoud and computed tomography. The materials were 45 cases of cadaver, 38 cases of IV cholangiography, 100 cases of ultrasonography & 55 cases of computed tomography. The results were as follows ; 1. The diameters of the bile ducts were 7.58±2.26mm at CHD & 8.04±2.42mm at CBD from cadaver ; 5.38±1.90mm at CHD & 6.58±2.37mm at CBD from IV cholanglography ; 3.24±1.13mm at CHD & 4.71±1.48mm at CBD from ultrasonography ; and 4.56±1.51mm at CHD & 5.87±1.68mm at CBD from computed tomography. 2. The diameter of the bile duct was greatest in cadaver, and then reduced in IV cholangiography, computed tomography and ultrasonography in this orde.r 3. There were no size discrepancy between the diameter of the common hepatic duct and that of the common bile duct. 4. There were no discrepanry of the diameter of the bile duct by sex.
Adult* ; Bile Ducts* ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Bile* ; Cadaver ; Cholangiography ; Common Bile Duct ; Hepatic Duct, Common ; Humans ; Ultrasonography

Recently, it has been widely recognized that the newly developed multi focal intraocular lens provides good near and far vision. Therefore, among 70 eyes who underwent 3M multifocal intraocular lens insertion procedure at our hospital from July 1989 to may 1990, 50 eyes that could be closely followed up for at least 3 months postoperatively were chosen as our study subjects. After careful analytical review of data such as postoperative near and far vision, refractory power, spherical equivalent of diopter of spectacles needed for correction of vision, change of vision according to size of pupil as well as relationship between central location of intraocular lens(IOL) and vision, and multifocusing ability of IOL, we have attained the following results. 1. 36(72.0%) males and 14 females(28.0%) have received multifocal IOL. According to age, 16 eyes(32.0%) were in their 40's, comprising the greatest number, followed by those in the 50's(24.0%) and 60's(24.0%). 2. Postoperatively, 23 eyes(46.0%) have attained emmetropia. 12 eyes(24.0%) were hyperopic, and 15 eyes(30.0%) were myopic. Spherical equivalent of corrected spectacles was -0.35D. The number of eyes attaining corrected vision over 1.0 was 36(72.0%),44 eyes over 0.5(88.0%), and 6 eyes less than 0.4(12.0%). 3. The number of near vision J1 with corrected vision over 1.0 were 33 eyes(66.0%), greater than J2 were 36(72.0%), and in the case of vision of 0.9-0.8 J1 and J2 were 2 eyes(4.0%) and 3 eyes(6.0%), respectively; vision of 0.7-0.5 J2 was 1 eye(2.0%), J3 were 2 eyes(4.0%). In vision less than 0.4, J3 and less than J3 were 3 eyes(6.0%) in each cases. 4. Corrected near vision attained by additional diopter in 15 eyes that have a near vision of less than J2 are as follow: 7 eyes of J1(14.0%), 4 eyes of J2(8.0%) 2 eyes of J3(4.0%) and 2 eyes of less than J3(4.0%). Average additional diopter required to obtain J1 was +0.64D. 5. In the group that has corrected vision over 1.0, the number of eyes that had matched center of IOL and center of pupil was 17(34.0%), number of eyes that has a deviation of 0.5 mm was 6(12.0%), 8 eyes with a deviation of 1.0 mm(16.0%), 5 eyes with a deviation of 1.5 mm(10.0%); but, none have affected vision. 6. Change of vision according to the size of pupil was measured. In the case of corrected vision over 1.0, pupil size of 2.0-4.0 mm and dilated pupil size over 5.0 mm occurred in 36 eyes in each case, and a constricted pupil size less than 2.0 mm occurred 35 eyes with no vision change observed. 7. In the case of corrected vision over 1.0, additional use of lens from +1.0D to -3.0D has not affected vision when maintained at a level of over 0.8 but use of any lens out of this range has dramatically decreased vision. 8. After inserting vultifocal IOL, complaints of diplopia, glare, dizziness and seeing rings were observed in 10 eyes(20.0%); but, 5 months later symptoms had disappeared in all cases.
Diplopia ; Dizziness ; Emmetropia ; Eyeglasses ; Glare ; Humans ; Lenses, Intraocular* ; Male ; Miosis ; Pupil