The results regarding an association between the polymorphism sites in the dopamine D1 receptor gene and schizophrenia compelled us to study the distribution of the polymorphism in Korean schizophrenia and controls. Eighty-eight schizophrenic patients and normal controls were examined by case-control study for distribution of the polymorphism of the dopamine D1 receptor gene in Korean popualtion to minimize the effect of racial differencies in gene frequencies. The frequencies of the B1 and B2 in schizophrenic patients were 0.11 and 9.89, respectively. And 0.10 and 0.90 in normal control. There was no significant differences in the frequencies in the allele B1 and 2 between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. The author present here the evidence of a lack of alleic association between the polymorphism of the dopamine D1 receptor gene and Korean schizophrenic. The assumption that the dopamine D1 receptor gene has genetic role in the development of schizophrenia was not supported by this case-control study.
Alleles* ; Case-Control Studies ; Dopamine* ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Receptors, Dopamine D1 ; Receptors, Dopamine D2 ; Schizophrenia*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Hyperaldosteronism*

No abstract available.
Biliary Tract Diseases* ; Biliary Tract* ; Reoperation*

No abstract available.
Hemorrhage*

BACKGROUND: For the purpose of early detection of breast cancer, a localization biopsy is necessary in case of mammographically or ultrasonographically suspicious, but nonpalpable, breast lesions. METHODS: One hundred nine consecutive localization biopsies for nonpalpable lesions of the breast were performed upon 101 patients from May 1992 to September 1998. RESULTS: The localizations were done in 48 cases under the guidance of mammography and in 61 cases under the guidance of ultrasonography. Complications occurred in 15 cases (13.7%). The mean volume of the excised specimens was 11.6 cm3. The miss rate was 3.6% (4 cases). Malignant lesions of the breast were found in 16 cases (14.7%). Among the malignant lesions, 10 cases involved invasive ductal cancer. Among the patients diagnosed as having breast cancer, 8 patients were treated with a conservative operation, 5 patients with a modified radical mastectomy, and 2 patients with observation; 1 patient was discharged. The chance of a biopsy containing a malignant lesion was 16.7% if the biopsy was done because of mass, 9.8% for a microcalcification, and 11.1% for an abnormal asymmetric density. CONCLUSIONS: A needle localization biopsy can be performed accurately under local anethesia, and the volume of the excised specimen can be minimized, so the cosmetic effect is excellent and proper early treatment is possible in diagnosed cases of breast cancer.
Biopsy* ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Humans ; Mammography ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Needles* ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal* ; Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood*

Stuttering as a side effect of antipsychotics is rare. There are only 4 reports of neuroleptic-induced stuttering. Most reports of neuroleptic-inducted stuttering involved low-potency drugs that have high intrinsic antimuscarinic activity. Risperidone is high potent drug and often referred to as 'atypical' antipsychotic agent due to fewer extrapyramidal side effects and efficacy on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. We experienced a case of risperidone-induced stuttering in a young male schizophrenic patient, and report this case.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Humans ; Male ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia ; Stuttering*

PURPOSE: We evaluated and compared the efficacy of terazosin, doxazosin and terazosin(alpha-1 adrenoreceptor antagonist) with finasteride(5-alpha reductase inhibitor) in the treatment of patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was single-blind design. The patients were divided 3 groups(terazosin group, doxazosin group, terazosin with finasteride group). Terazosin was administrated with escalating dose of 1 to 5mg once daily for 12 weeks. Doxasosin, fixed dose of 2mg was taken once daily for 12 weeks. Finasteride was taken 5mg once daily with terazosin for 12 weeks. The study enrolled 69 patients, and 60 patients were included in the analyses. RESULTS: The parameters used to assess the effectiveness included international Prostatic Symptom Score(1-PSS), Quality of Life(QOL) index and peak urinary flow rate(Qmax). At baseline, 1-PSS, QOL index and Qmax were 18.8+/-4.3, 3.7+/-1.0, 8.6+/-1.7 in terazosin group, 19.3+/-3.9, 3.6+/-1.0, 7.8+/-1.8 in doxazosin group, 20.1+/-4.4, 3.8+/-1.0, 72 +/-1.6 in combination group, respectively. After 12 weeks trial, 1-PSS, QOL index and Qmax were 12.0+/-2.8, 1.9+/-0.9, 11.4+/-2.8 respectively in terazosin group, 11.3+/-3.0, 1.7+/- 0.7, 10.6+/-2.6 in doxazosin group, 10.9+/-4.0, 1.8+/-0.9, 9.8+/-1.0 in combination group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was clear evidence for the efficacy of alpha-1 blocker in treating patients with bladder outlet obstruction due to BPH. There was no significant difference between alpha-1 blocker therapy alone and combination therapy with finasteride. This study showed beneficial short term results for the safety and efficacy of long acting selective alpha-1 blocker and finasteride in the management of symptomatic BPH, but if symptom and quality of life for patient were not improved, we are 1ikely to consider that early surgical therapy will be required.
Doxazosin* ; Finasteride* ; Humans ; Oxidoreductases ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Quality of Life ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction

We investigated a unilocular mammary cyst occurring in a two and a half year old male baby. The cyst was lined by simple columnar epithelium and filled with a milky secretory material. These histologic features were consistent with galactocele. The child had enlarged left breast since birth, but it seemed to be noncontributory as the child had neither endocrine abnormalities nor perinatal disorders. Galactocele is an uncommon breast lesion usually occuring in females following lactation. It is rarely a cause of breast enlargement.
Child ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Cysts