The results regarding an association between the polymorphism sites in the dopamine D1 receptor gene and schizophrenia compelled us to study the distribution of the polymorphism in Korean schizophrenia and controls. Eighty-eight schizophrenic patients and normal controls were examined by case-control study for distribution of the polymorphism of the dopamine D1 receptor gene in Korean popualtion to minimize the effect of racial differencies in gene frequencies. The frequencies of the B1 and B2 in schizophrenic patients were 0.11 and 9.89, respectively. And 0.10 and 0.90 in normal control. There was no significant differences in the frequencies in the allele B1 and 2 between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. The author present here the evidence of a lack of alleic association between the polymorphism of the dopamine D1 receptor gene and Korean schizophrenic. The assumption that the dopamine D1 receptor gene has genetic role in the development of schizophrenia was not supported by this case-control study.
Alleles* ; Case-Control Studies ; Dopamine* ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Receptors, Dopamine D1 ; Receptors, Dopamine D2 ; Schizophrenia*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Biliary Tract Diseases* ; Biliary Tract* ; Reoperation*

No abstract available.
Hemorrhage*

No abstract available.
Hyperaldosteronism*

BACKGROUND: For the purpose of early detection of breast cancer, a localization biopsy is necessary in case of mammographically or ultrasonographically suspicious, but nonpalpable, breast lesions. METHODS: One hundred nine consecutive localization biopsies for nonpalpable lesions of the breast were performed upon 101 patients from May 1992 to September 1998. RESULTS: The localizations were done in 48 cases under the guidance of mammography and in 61 cases under the guidance of ultrasonography. Complications occurred in 15 cases (13.7%). The mean volume of the excised specimens was 11.6 cm3. The miss rate was 3.6% (4 cases). Malignant lesions of the breast were found in 16 cases (14.7%). Among the malignant lesions, 10 cases involved invasive ductal cancer. Among the patients diagnosed as having breast cancer, 8 patients were treated with a conservative operation, 5 patients with a modified radical mastectomy, and 2 patients with observation; 1 patient was discharged. The chance of a biopsy containing a malignant lesion was 16.7% if the biopsy was done because of mass, 9.8% for a microcalcification, and 11.1% for an abnormal asymmetric density. CONCLUSIONS: A needle localization biopsy can be performed accurately under local anethesia, and the volume of the excised specimen can be minimized, so the cosmetic effect is excellent and proper early treatment is possible in diagnosed cases of breast cancer.
Biopsy* ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Humans ; Mammography ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Needles* ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal* ; Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood*

Stuttering as a side effect of antipsychotics is rare. There are only 4 reports of neuroleptic-induced stuttering. Most reports of neuroleptic-inducted stuttering involved low-potency drugs that have high intrinsic antimuscarinic activity. Risperidone is high potent drug and often referred to as 'atypical' antipsychotic agent due to fewer extrapyramidal side effects and efficacy on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. We experienced a case of risperidone-induced stuttering in a young male schizophrenic patient, and report this case.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Humans ; Male ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia ; Stuttering*

The Taylor's approach is a special paramedian approach to enter the L5-S1 interspace. The L5-S1 interspace is the largest in vertebral column. This approach is particularly useful when the interspace has been narrowed by pathologic bone destruction such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Surgery in geriatric patients is associated with a markedly higher incidence of perioperative complication or mortality rate. Optimal anesthetic management of geriatric patients depends on understanding of the normal anatomy and physiologic changes in response to drug in aging. We studied of 3-geriatric patients with Taylor's approach. These patients had problems with respiratory dysfunction and anatomic constraints, which make other approaches unfeasible.
Aging ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Osteoarthritis ; Spine

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard treatment of benign gallbladder disease. It requires the skill of a trained surgeon, and its safe performance. The advantages of laparoscopy are less postoperative pain, absence of cosmetic damage, shorter recovery times, and decreased length of hospital stays compared with conventional open surgery. METHODS: We reviewed 500 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies retrospectively at the department of general surgery of Maryknoll Hospital from February 1992 to May 1999. RESULTS: There were 175 males and 325 females(M:F=1:1.86) with ages ranged from 21 to 78 years (mean: 50.0 year). Preoperatively, 72 patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholagiography and 7 patients underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy due to common bile duct stone. Mean operation time was 73.7 minutes. Operative cholangiogram was attempted in 8 patients. Conversion to open cholecystectomy during operation was done in 8 cases(1.6%) and leading causes were severe adhesion, uncontrolled bleeding, suspected malignancy, bile duct injury. Operative Complications occured in 18 patients(3.6%): bile duct injury 1, postoperative bleeding 1, bile leakage 4,subcutaneous emphysema 1, abdominal wall hematoma 3, wound infection 8. There was no operative mortality. The length of hospital stay ranged from 2 to 15 day with average of 4.7 day. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and effective operation in patients with benign gallbladder diseases.
Abdominal Wall ; Bile ; Bile Ducts ; Cholecystectomy ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Common Bile Duct ; Emphysema ; Gallbladder Diseases ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Mortality ; Pain, Postoperative ; Retrospective Studies ; Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic ; Wound Infection