PURPOSE: We report the therapeutic effect of ganciclovir gel instead of acyclovir ointment usually used in the case of herpes simplex superficial ocular disease such as herpetic dendritic keratitis and erosive blepharitis. METHODS: Three patients clinically diagnosed with herpes simplex dendritic keratitis and one as erosive blepharitis were treated with the topical ophthalmic gel of 0.15% ganciclovir three times a day for 2 to 4 weeks. Ocular complications and recurrence were evaluated under slit-lamp examination for the follow-up periods. RESULTS: Dendritic keratitis and erosive blepharitis were completely recovered with no recurrence during the 5 months follow-up. There is no respective comparison here. In one case of herpes simplex keratitis, the keratitis wound was repaired after debridement of corneal epithelial layer and application of ganciclovir gel. Complications including burning sensation and superficial punctate keratitis did not develop and visual acuity improved. CONCLUSIONS: Ganciclovir ophthalmic gel should be considered one of the effective therapeutic drugs for the herpes simplex ocular disease.
Acyclovir ; Blepharitis ; Burns ; Debridement ; Follow-Up Studies ; Ganciclovir* ; Herpes Simplex* ; Humans ; Keratitis ; Keratitis, Dendritic ; Keratitis, Herpetic ; Recurrence ; Sensation ; Visual Acuity ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy and lens removal due to ocular trauma. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 40 vitrectomized aphakic eyes that had received secondary IOL from March 2005 to January 2012. Various parameters including pre- and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were reviewed. RESULTS: Incidence was higher in males (n = 35, 89.7%) and highest in the 6th decade of life (n = 13, 33.3%). Mean preoperative refractive error was +9.99 +/- 2.80 D in spherical equivalent, and astigmatism was 1.80 +/- 1.73 D. Mean BCVA (log MAR) was 0.53 +/- 0.51 preoperatively and 0.54 +/- 0.46 at 6 months postoperatively. Postoperative refractive error was -1.28 +/- 1.40 D and the astigmatism was 2.54 +/- 1.52 D. The difference between the target and postoperative refractive error was a myopic shift of -0.63 +/- 1.44 D. Postoperative BCVA had no significant correlation with preoperative factors other than preoperative BCVA (p < 0.001). The most common complication was temporarily increased IOP in 4 eyes. Choroidal detachment, recurrence of retinal detachment, bullous keratopathy, and cystoid macular edema were each found in 1 eye. IOL dislocation was corrected with reoperation in 2 eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary IOL implantation can be performed safely in vitrectomized aphakic eyes due to ocular trauma and can be recommended in patients with good preoperative BCVA. Myopic shift of the postoperative refractive error should be considered when calculating IOL power.
Aphakia ; Astigmatism ; Choroid ; Dislocations ; Eye* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular* ; Lenses, Intraocular* ; Macular Edema ; Male ; Recurrence ; Refractive Errors ; Reoperation ; Retinal Detachment ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To compare anterior levator resection with frontalis sling in congenital ptosis with poor levator function. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 19 patients (25 eyes) undergoing anterior levator resection and 25 patients (28 eyes) undergoing frontalis sling for congenital ptosis with poor levator action of 5 mm or less from January 1995 to December 2001. RESULTS: The mean postoperative MRD1 were 2.4+/-0.95 mm in the anterior levator resection group and, 2.6+/-0.94 mm in the frontalis sling group. Surgical outcomes were good, fair and poor in 11, 10, and 4 eyes of the anterior levator resection group and in 14, 9, and 5 eyes of the frontalis sling group, respectively. Success rates were 84.0% and 82.1% in each group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In congenital ptosis with poor levator function, the surgical outcomes of anterior levator resection were as good as those of frontalis sling.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To compare anterior levator resection with frontalis sling in congenital ptosis with poor levator function. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 19 patients (25 eyes) undergoing anterior levator resection and 25 patients (28 eyes) undergoing frontalis sling for congenital ptosis with poor levator action of 5 mm or less from January 1995 to December 2001. RESULTS: The mean postoperative MRD1 were 2.4+/-0.95 mm in the anterior levator resection group and, 2.6+/-0.94 mm in the frontalis sling group. Surgical outcomes were good, fair and poor in 11, 10, and 4 eyes of the anterior levator resection group and in 14, 9, and 5 eyes of the frontalis sling group, respectively. Success rates were 84.0% and 82.1% in each group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In congenital ptosis with poor levator function, the surgical outcomes of anterior levator resection were as good as those of frontalis sling.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To evaluate surgical outcomes of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) with good visual acuity. METHODS: We evaluated patients who were diagnosed with idiopathic ERM with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) greater than 20/40 and who were followed-up for 12 months or longer after vitrectomy and membrane removal. BCVA, metamorphopsia, central subfield macular thickness (CSMT), foveal contour, and status of photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junction were retrospectively assessed based on the medical records and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. RESULTS: Twenty-four eyes were included in the present study. The mean BCVA (log MAR) did not significantly improve from baseline to 12 months after surgery (0.26 +/- 0.06 and 0.25 +/- 0.19, respectively). Six eyes showed improved vision of two or more lines, and six eyes had decreased vision of two or more lines. Metamorphopsia remained in all four eyes with preoperative symptoms until 12 months postoperatively. CSMT decreased significantly from 418 +/- 86 microm at baseline to 343 +/- 45 microm at 12 months (p < 0.01). Among 17 eyes without foveal depression at baseline, 11 eyes recovered a foveal depression at an average of 6.6 months after surgery. IS/OS status at baseline was intact in 19 eyes, attenuated in three eyes, and disrupted in two eyes and did not change significantly at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment for idiopathic ERM with good visual acuity resulted in anatomical but not functional improvement. Choosing surgery for idiopathic ERM with good visual acuity should be considered carefully because decreased visual acuity could result in some patients.
Depression ; Epiretinal Membrane* ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Membranes ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vision Disorders ; Visual Acuity* ; Vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate surgical outcomes of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) with good visual acuity. METHODS: We evaluated patients who were diagnosed with idiopathic ERM with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) greater than 20/40 and who were followed-up for 12 months or longer after vitrectomy and membrane removal. BCVA, metamorphopsia, central subfield macular thickness (CSMT), foveal contour, and status of photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junction were retrospectively assessed based on the medical records and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. RESULTS: Twenty-four eyes were included in the present study. The mean BCVA (log MAR) did not significantly improve from baseline to 12 months after surgery (0.26 +/- 0.06 and 0.25 +/- 0.19, respectively). Six eyes showed improved vision of two or more lines, and six eyes had decreased vision of two or more lines. Metamorphopsia remained in all four eyes with preoperative symptoms until 12 months postoperatively. CSMT decreased significantly from 418 +/- 86 microm at baseline to 343 +/- 45 microm at 12 months (p < 0.01). Among 17 eyes without foveal depression at baseline, 11 eyes recovered a foveal depression at an average of 6.6 months after surgery. IS/OS status at baseline was intact in 19 eyes, attenuated in three eyes, and disrupted in two eyes and did not change significantly at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment for idiopathic ERM with good visual acuity resulted in anatomical but not functional improvement. Choosing surgery for idiopathic ERM with good visual acuity should be considered carefully because decreased visual acuity could result in some patients.
Depression ; Epiretinal Membrane* ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Membranes ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vision Disorders ; Visual Acuity* ; Vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection at the end of pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade. METHODS: Eyes which underwent pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil placement were enrolled. They were followed up for at least 6 months. Group I (twenty-three consecutive eyes) received an intravitreal injection of 4 mg TA at the end of the surgery, whereas Group II (twenty-six eyes) did not. RESULTS: Postoperative vision improved by 2 lines or more in 9 eyes (39.1%) of Group I and 9 eyes (34.6%) of Group II. The posterior pole was attached in all of Group I (100.0%) and twenty-four eyes (92.3%) of Group II (P=0.17). The postoperative BCVA was 5/200 or better in fifteen eyes (65.2%) of Group I and fourteen eyes (53.8%) of Group II (P=0.51). Eight eyes (34.8%) in Group I and six eyes (23.1%) in Group II had an intraocular pressure higher than 21 mmHg (P=0.36). All of them were controlled with medications. Two eyes in Group II required an additional operation due to recurrence of tractional retinal detachment from the fibrous membrane. Visually significant ocular complications related with TA injections were not noted. CONCLUSIONS: The intravitreal injection of TA into silicone-filled vitrectomized eyes seems safe and efficient. But, a prospective study is necessary to demonstrate the long-term safety and efficacy.
Intraocular Pressure ; Intravitreal Injections* ; Membranes ; Recurrence ; Retinal Detachment ; Silicone Oils* ; Traction ; Triamcinolone Acetonide* ; Triamcinolone* ; Vitrectomy*

PURPOSE: To investigate the biological effects and cytotoxicity of anti-allergic ophthalmic agents on the cultured conjunctival cells of rabbit in vitro. METHODS: Conjunctival cells of rabbit were exposed to anti-allergic ophthalmic agents. Azelan(R) (Taejoon, Korea), Zaditen(R) (Novartis, USA), Patanol(R) (Alcon, USA) at a concentration 10, 20 and 30% for a period of 30 minutes, 4, 12, and 24 hours respectively. Cell injury assay was performed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay. We checked the composition, pH, osmolarity of three anti-allergic agents. Light and transmission electron microscopy were performed to compare the cellular damage of rabbit conjunctival cells under various culture treatments. RESULTS: In cultured conjunctival cells of rabbit, the LDH titers increased up to 4 hours after exposure, maintained until 12 hours and then decreased 12 hours after exposed. Azelan(R) and Zaditen(R) showed a higher LDH titer and severe cellular damage of the conjunctival cells, compared with Patanol(R). Of anti-allergic solutions, Azelan(R) and Zaditen(R) revealed markedly lower Na+, Cl- and pH levels than Patanol(R). However, there was no difference in the concentration of preservative or osmolarity of the eye solution among the three anti-allergic agents. CONCLUSIONS: Patanol(R) caused markedly more damage to cultured rabbit conjunctival cells than Azelan(R) and Zaditen(R). If these anti-allergic these agents are clinically used for long periods of time, they may induce the cellular damage of conjunctival cells depending on the composition and pH of anti-allergic drugs.
Anti-Allergic Agents ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Osmolar Concentration

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of intravitreal and posterior subtenon injections of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: we reviewed 42 consecutive eyes after intravitreal TA injection (IVTA) and 43 eyes following posterior subtenon TA injection (PSTA). All cases had a minimum follow-up time of three months. After injection, the value and time of the maximal IOP, the amount of IOP elevation and the needs of the medication were assessed. RESULTS: The IOP increased significantly (p<0.001) from 16.3+/-2.5 mmHg preoperatively to a mean maximum of 21.7+/-5.3 mmHg in the IVTA group, and from 15.3+/-4.5 mmHg to 20.6+/-3.0 mmHg in the PSTA group. An elevation in the IOP of more than 5 mmHg from the baseline IOP was seen in 52.4% of the IVTA group at a mean time of 3.1 weeks postoperatively, and 44.2% of the PSTA group displayed an IOP elevation at 5.9 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Both developed significant elevations of IOP, but this appeared at a later date in the PSTA group. Careful follow-up after local injection of steroids is necessary.
Vitreous Body ; Uveitis, Posterior/*drug therapy/pathology ; Triamcinolone Acetonide/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Time Factors ; Retrospective Studies ; Orbit ; Ocular Hypertension/*chemically induced/physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Macular Edema, Cystoid/*drug therapy/pathology ; Intraocular Pressure/*drug effects ; Injections ; Humans ; Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Follow-Up Studies ; Female ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aged ; Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate new prognostic factors in associated with primary anatomical failure after scleral buckling (SB) for uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS: The medical records of patients with uncomplicated RRD treated with SB were retrospectively reviewed. Eyes with known prognostic factors for RRD, such as fovea-on, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pseudophakia, aphakia, multiple breaks, or media opacity, were excluded. Analysis was performed to find correlations between anatomical success and various parameters, including age. RESULTS: This study analyzed 127 eyes. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (≥35) was the sole independent prognostic factor (odds ratio, 3.5; p = 0.022). Older age was correlated with worse preoperative visual acuity (p < 0.001), shorter symptom duration (p < 0.001), presence of a large tear (p < 0.001), subretinal fluid drainage (p < 0.001), postoperative macular complications (p = 0.048), and greater visual improvement (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Older age (≥35) was an independent prognostic factor for primary anatomical failure in SB for uncomplicated RRD. The distinguished features of RRD between older and younger patients suggest that vitreous liquefaction and posterior vitreous detachment are important features associated with variation in surgical outcomes.
Aphakia ; Drainage ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Medical Records ; Pseudophakia ; Retinal Detachment* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retrospective Studies ; Scleral Buckling* ; Subretinal Fluid ; Tears ; Visual Acuity ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative ; Vitreous Detachment