This study was designed to assess profile preferences among Korean youths in the year 1992. Facial esthetics was evaluated by means of silhouette profiles, eliminating the influence of a number of aspects that may affect judgment when normal lateral photographs are used. The main points of preference to be clarified here are as follows: First, on facial convexity, Second, on nasion depth, Third, on mentolabial sulcus depth, Fourth, on the position of upper and lower lips, Fifth, on facial type according to Angle's classification of malocclusion, Sixth, on Song's tangents. The 54 subjects printed in questionnaire as black and white silhouettes were selected from 300 tracings from cephalometric radiographs of people whose age ranging from 11 to 20 years. Photographs of six female subjects were retouched by computer graphic software and printed in color and black/white photographs which were used for adaptation of eyes of participants in selecting profiles in silhouette. They constitute 2 questions. The 54 subjects were grouped as 22 questions, each of them composed of 6 subjects, according to the aspects to be clarified. Twenty four questions in total were asked to assess profile preferences. For the assessment, the profile line, the facial esthetic triangle, Song's tangents, and Angle's classification of malocclusion were introduced. The profile line is composed of 11 component points which are Trichion, Glabella, Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion, Labrale inferius, Supramentale, Pogonion, and Gnathion. The facial esthetic triangle is composed of 3 tangents: A-tangent which is the tangent of dorsum of nose, B-tangent which is the line passing through Sn and Ls, and C-tangent which is drawn on the turning point of the curve which lies between mentolabial sulcus (Sm) and pogonion (Pg). Angle's classification has 3 types of malocclusion which are Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class II malocclusion is subdivided into Division 1 and Division 2. The participants of the survey were composed of 861 college students (448 male students, 413 female students) whose majors grouped as Fine Arts Liberal Arts, and Natural Sciences, and whose mean age 21.8 years. The statistics program SPSS/PC + of SPSS Inc. was used to analyze answers of participants. Crosstabulation, Chi-square test, and Kendall test were done. The conclusions are as follows: First, Korean youths have a tendency to prefer the slightly convex face to the flat or concave face. Second, they prefer a moderately deep nasion. Third, they prefer a moderately deep mentolabial sulcus. Fourth, they prefer the position of lips which are near to Ricketts' E-line. The position of the upper lip which is slightly posterior to E-line is preferred. The upper lip which lies too far anterior or posterior to the lower lip is not perferred. Fifth, they prefer most, according to Angle's Classification of Malocclusion, Class I facial profile which has a slight inclination to Class II division 2. The order of preference is Class I, Class II division 2, Class III, and Class II division 1. Sixth, they prefer the type 2 and 3 of Song's tangents. The facial profile within which A-and B-tangent meet is preferred. The facial profile which has C-tangent that meets with A-tangent slightly posterior to the crossing point of A-and B-tangent or that parallels with B-tangent is preferred.
Adolescent* ; Computer Graphics ; Esthetics ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment ; Lip ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Nose ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Plasmacytoma

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in leukemia patients after chemotherapy. METHODS: Leukemia patients with histologically confirmed hematologic malignancies were reviewed. We evaluated for CPET, between receiving chemotherapy and undergoing stem cell transplantation after 2 weeks. We recorded exercise testing and physiologic parameters during CPET between January 2013 to May 2015. All patients were subjected to symptoms limited to exercise testing, according to the Modified Bruce Protocol. We considered that if respiratory exchange ratio achieved was over 1.10, participants had successfully completed CPET. We dichotomized all participants into two groups (normal group, normal range of resting heart rate; higher group, over 100 per minute of heart rate). RESULTS: 30 patients were finally enrolled. All participants had no adverse effects during the exercise test. Mean peak double product was 26,998.60 mmHg·beats/min (range, 15,481–41,004), and mean peak oxygen consumption (VO₂ peak) was 22.52±4.56 mL/kg/min. Significant differences were observed in the normal group with VO₂ peak (mean, 24.21 mL/kg/min; p=0.027) and number of prior intensive chemotherapy, compared to the higher group (mean, 1.95; p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that CPET in leukemia patients before stem cell transplantation was very safe, and is an efficient method to screen for patients with poor cardiac functions. As CPET presents the parameters which reveal the cardiopulmonary functions, including VO₂ peak, double product and exercise capacity, this exercise test would help to predict the physical performance or general condition of the leukemia patients.
Drug Therapy* ; Exercise Test* ; Feasibility Studies* ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Humans ; Leukemia* ; Methods ; Oxygen Consumption ; Reference Values ; Rehabilitation ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Tachycardia

BACKGROUND: In 2026, the elderly population (age> or =65 years) in Korea is projected to be 20.8% of the total population. Along with this rise will be the rise in need for medical care in geriatric hospitals. Geriatric inpatients are vulnerable to infections because of functional disabilities and comorbidities. We investigated the clinical features of pneumonia in the elderly at these facilities. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study based on medical records looking at pneumonia, which was identified in 63 inpatients >65 years admitted to a geriatric hospital from October 2013 to December 2014. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 31.7%(20/63) and the 30-day mortality was 17.5%(11/63) of the total number of patients. Median age was 83 years (range, 67-94 years). Univariate analysis showed that the following factors were significantly different between survivors and nonsurvivors, number of comorbidities, history of antibiotics therapy in preceding 90 days, clinical improvement in 72 hours, alteration of mentality, respiration rate, serum albumin level, and peripheral blood leukocyte count. Multivariate analysis showed that the independent factors for predicting increased mortality were number of comorbidities > or =4 (odds ratio [OR], 9.803; p=0.030), failure to improve clinically in 72 hours (OR, 6.150; p=0.046), respiration rate> or =30/min (OR, 9.370; p=0.021), and serum albumin level< or =3.0 g/dL (OR, 32.022; p=0.010). CONCLUSION: When elderly inpatients with pneumonia have factors such as comorbidities greater than 4, failure to improvement clincally in 72 hours, tachypnea (> or =30/min), and hypoalbuminemia (< or =3.0 g/dL), escalation of empiric antibiotics or transfer to an acute care setting is necessary to reduce mortality.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Comorbidity ; Geriatrics ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Leukocyte Count ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pneumonia* ; Respiration ; Respiratory Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Serum Albumin ; Survivors ; Tachypnea

Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a group of diseases that possess similar gene expression patterns to those of Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL, but lack the BCR-ABL1 gene rearrangement and exhibit diverse genetic characteristics. These cases are associated with a poorer prognosis than that of other B-cell ALL cases and require novel therapeutic approaches. Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL can be categorized into ABL-activated, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway-altered, and other subtypes based on genetic alterations. For the ABL-activated subtype, treatment with ABL-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors may improve outcomes, whereas JAK-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proposed as a combination therapy for patients with JAK-STAT pathway mutations. In this review, we discuss treatment approaches for each subtype of Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL.

Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a group of diseases that possess similar gene expression patterns to those of Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL, but lack the BCR-ABL1 gene rearrangement and exhibit diverse genetic characteristics. These cases are associated with a poorer prognosis than that of other B-cell ALL cases and require novel therapeutic approaches. Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL can be categorized into ABL-activated, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway-altered, and other subtypes based on genetic alterations. For the ABL-activated subtype, treatment with ABL-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors may improve outcomes, whereas JAK-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proposed as a combination therapy for patients with JAK-STAT pathway mutations. In this review, we discuss treatment approaches for each subtype of Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL.

Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a group of diseases that possess similar gene expression patterns to those of Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL, but lack the BCR-ABL1 gene rearrangement and exhibit diverse genetic characteristics. These cases are associated with a poorer prognosis than that of other B-cell ALL cases and require novel therapeutic approaches. Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL can be categorized into ABL-activated, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway-altered, and other subtypes based on genetic alterations. For the ABL-activated subtype, treatment with ABL-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors may improve outcomes, whereas JAK-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proposed as a combination therapy for patients with JAK-STAT pathway mutations. In this review, we discuss treatment approaches for each subtype of Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL.

Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a group of diseases that possess similar gene expression patterns to those of Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL, but lack the BCR-ABL1 gene rearrangement and exhibit diverse genetic characteristics. These cases are associated with a poorer prognosis than that of other B-cell ALL cases and require novel therapeutic approaches. Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL can be categorized into ABL-activated, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway-altered, and other subtypes based on genetic alterations. For the ABL-activated subtype, treatment with ABL-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors may improve outcomes, whereas JAK-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proposed as a combination therapy for patients with JAK-STAT pathway mutations. In this review, we discuss treatment approaches for each subtype of Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is among the five greatest causes of disability globally. It can have various causes and may develop concurrently with other health issues. Recently, there have been advances in the treatment of IDA associated with various comorbidities.Current Concepts: The causes of IDA include chronic blood loss, inadequate iron absorption, and increased iron demand. Oral iron supplements are primarily recommended for the treatment of IDA. In cases where oral supplements are ineffective or cannot be used, parenteral iron supplements are administered.Discussion and Conclusion: Identifying the underlying reason for IDA is essential for determining the appropriate and effective treatment plan. In adults, it is important to be aware that gastrointestinal malignancies can be detected as a cause of IDA. Ferrous sulfate tablets are primarily recommended as oral supplements for treating IDA. Among the parenteral iron supplements available in South Korea, both iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose can be used relatively safely without significant side effects. Recently, ferric carboxymaltose was reported as being effective for treating iron deficiency associated with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and preoperative IDA.