By column chromatograpy and thin layer chromatography, a purified substance named H3 was isolate from the dried powder of Rau Ma (leaf, stem and root of Centella asiatica). Basing on fusion point, IR spectrum, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, HMQC, HMBC, COSY 90, the extracted substance was identified as C48H78O19
Triterpenes ; Centella ; isolation & purification ; Identification (Psychology)

In the binary of gender, women and femininity came to be associated with motherhood, nurturing, and beauty whilst men and masculinity were associated with productivity, protection, and strength. No longer are we to systematically categorize an individual's gender in terms of polar opposite of femininity and masculinity, but instead we must acknowledge all that resides in between those two poles and allow for identity terms that best express their sense of self. The term ‘transgender has become an umbrella term for a broader and more encompassing array of gender narratives outside of the binary norm of gender. Gender dysphoria is managed and treatable through psychotherapy and through the social and medical transition of gender. The support of transgender individuals' preferred gender through social acknowledgment, gender expression, hormone therapy, and surgery has been proven to alleviate symptoms of gender dysphoria in transgender people, enabling them to incorporate back into society.
Beauty ; Efficiency ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Dysphoria ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Psychotherapy ; Transgender Persons*

Burnout, Professional ; psychology ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Midwifery ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Social Identification

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the specific types and characteristics of gender role identity in view of male nursing students. METHOD: Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective opinions, was used. Forty participants completed the Q-sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. The Q sample has two categories, representing masculinity and femininity, and each category has 20 statements, resulting in 40 adjectives. The collected data were analyzed by QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of gender role identity of male nursing students were identified: 'Taciturn warmth type', 'assertive power type', 'empathic warmth type'. Despite the differences among the types in this research, male nursing students are likely to have the understanding and keep faith. CONCLUSION: Male nursing students were exposed to many problems because of the gendered culture of nursing education. To understand the male nursing students' gender role identity will help to promote adaptation in nursing field.
Education, Nursing ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Nursing ; Q-Sort ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to develope a scale of gender role identity in Korean adults based on the Bem's theory of androgyny. Although there were several tools in Korea, they were revealed having some problems of cultural differences, translation biases, and methodological problems. METHODS: A list of 78 items were developed using the existing tools and descriptions from 5 married couples. The items were the typical personality characteristics which were manifested by gender, male or female. And the list contained several items which were the socially desirable personality characteristics. which would be simply used as contextual items. Validity of the 78 items were screened by 18 expert panels with 4 point Likert scale, and 57 items were judged as highly valid from 70% of the experts, which were selected as preliminary items for the tool. Using the preliminary tool which was developed as a 4 point Likert scale, data were collected from 1,127 subjects for item analysis and factor analysis. 53 items were remained, because 4 items whose item-total correlation were lower than 0.2 were excluded by the result of item analysis. Factor analysis was done with the 53 items, and 49 items whose factor loadings were same and higher than 0.4 were remained. 3 factors were identified with eigen value 2.0, and these factors were named as masculinity, femininity, and social desirability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: KGRII(Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory) which contained 45 items was developed, with 15 items for 3 factors. The reliability of the tool was very high. Cronbach alpha of the tool was 0.929, and alpha of the subscales were ranged from 0.841 to 0.922.
Adult ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Masculinity ; Social Desirability

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the relationship between PMS and sex role. METHOD: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 11.0. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature (2.76+/-.97), anxiety (2.76+/-1.09), and impulsivity (2.72+/-1.02). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of menarche age (F=5.910, p=.003), pain (F=7.886. p=.000) and family history (F=5.366, p=.005), masculinity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.174, p=.043), and femininity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.742, p=.025) and pain (F=3.256. p=.040). 3) Femininity and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.623. p=.000). CONCLUSION: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and sex role. For future research, it is recommended to identify major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.
Anxiety ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Masculinity ; Menarche ; Premenstrual Syndrome* ; Seoul

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify types and characteristics of gender role identity from the perspectives of nursing students who experience challenges and maladjustments that are distinct from students in other departments because nursing students have a curriculum that includes both academic courses and clinical practice. METHODS: Q Methodology was used to examine differences in the meaning of gender role identity among individual students. Data from 40 women nursing students, using 40 Q samples representing masculinity and femininity, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The participants' responses were classified into three types: 'Affectionate-sensitive type' represented by those who share traditional Korean feminine characteristics and are delicately sensitive. 'Affectionate-assertive type' represented by those who have strong characteristics of warm leaders, and are responsive and confident. 'Sensitive-expressive type' represented by those who are excellent in communication and have high empathic ability. CONCLUSION: Nursing professors or counselors need to provide nursing students with guidance and counseling related to adaptation to school life, career exploration, and career choice based on the their type of gender role identity.
Career Choice ; Counseling ; Curriculum ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Masculinity ; Methods* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate sex role identity and family group characteristics among university students. METHOD: The participants of the study were 325 university students at S university in Seoul from September 1st to 30th, 2001 and from September 1st to 30th, 2003. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, sex role identity scale, and family group characteristics type scale. Data were analyzed by frequency, means, t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation in the SPSS Win Program. RESULT: In this study, there was a high prevalence of androgyny to female(31.9%) and masculinity to male(39.4%) university students. There was a significant difference between male and female students in sex role identity(p=.000). "Family concord" indicated a high mean score of family group characteristics (4.71+/-.80). There were significant differences between family group characteristics and masculinity and femininity type. CONCLUSION: There is a high relationship between family group characteristics and sex role identities of university students. It is necessary to explore the varied aspects of the androgyny concept, and further research is needed on factors of family group characteristics.
Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul

PURPOSE: The current study was aimed to investigate the transformational experience of a female student nurse living with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: A case study of a 24-year-old diabetes patient was conducted, with interviews concerning the evolving process she had lived through during the period from her later high school years to her graduation from nursing college. RESULTS: Followings were identified as 5-transformation process: With her diabetes-related limitation, the participant experienced 'conflict involving choosing a college and major'. The participant tried to be in charge of managing her diabetes and stepped forward to 'adaptation to college life as a new environment', and she learned more about the process of 'evolving awareness of caring' and developed herself further through the process of 'integration of the nurse identity into self-identity', and finally through the process of 'progression and preparation for getting a job' she achieved her goals, being positive about the future. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study can provide individuals with diabetes a way of self-management and help the patients and their families in diabetes education. Further research will be needed to refine the results of this study and to learn more about the experiences of patients with type I diabetes in college years.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Career Choice ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*psychology ; Empathy ; Female ; Humans ; Job Application ; Korea ; Social Identification ; Students, Nursing/*psychology

The Bacillus cereus group includes B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis, B. pseudomycoides. The members of B. cereus group shares strong degree of DNA sequence similarity. Even though the biochemical test and bacteriological test have been used to identify the B. cereus group, an accurate identification system of the B. cereus group is required. We have developed a highly specific PCR-based assay for the B. cereus group chromosome using a sequence motif found within a spore structural gene (sspE). Using the assay, we were able to discriminate B. anthracis from the other members of B. cereus group. We also tried to find a new system for the B. cereus group identification. Five bacteriological tests (hemolysis, motility, penicillin susceptibility, rhizoid growth, toxic crystal formation), API system (API 50CHB & API 20E), MLST and sspE PCR were performed on 28 strains of the B. cereus group. The dendrogram generated from API system and bacteriological tests revealed that B. cereus and B. thuringiensis are grouped into the same cluster. In combination of sspE PCR and bacteriological tests, the dendrogram showed that 4 strains of B. cereus clustered within the same group. B. thuringiensis formed the subgroup in the same cluster. All strains of B. mycoides were encompassed together. Another cluster only included B. anthracis. The best system was determined to be sspE PCR and bacteriological tests. It is concluded that sspE PCR and bacteriological tests could be used for rapid discrimination and identification of B. anthracis and provided an effective means of differentiation between the B. cereus group.
Bacillus ; Bacillus cereus ; Base Sequence ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Penicillins ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Social Identification ; Spores ; Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis