Carbon monoxide is colorless, oolorless, tasteless and non-irritating gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous rnaterial. It combines with hemoglobin and displaces oxygen because the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon monoxide is two hundred times greater than oxygen. Symptoma and signs of carbon monoxide poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, collapse, unconsciousness, blindness, convulsion, coma and skin lesions. Recently we have observed seven patients with carbon monoxide poisoning who expressed cutaneous syrnptoms. In this work we investigated the pathogenesis of cutaneous manifestations of carbon monoxide poisoning through clinical, histologic and electronmicroscopic study. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Mental states of the patients were comatose in two, Semicomatcse in two, stuporous in two, and drowsy in one patient. In routine laboratory tests, we observed elevated blood sugar in six, elevated sorum creatinine phosphokinase in four and abnormal findings in urinalysis in all patients. 2. Cutaneous lesions were vesicobullae, plaque or swelling, erythema, gangrene and 'ulceration in order of frequency and located in the dependent areas in six caies. 3. Histopathologically, the sites of the bullae were subepidermal in four cases and intraepidermal in. one case and there was one case with ulceration. 4. In electronmicroscopic findings, secretory and ductal cells showed degenerative
Blindness ; Blood Glucose ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning* ; Carbon Monoxide* ; Carbon* ; Coma ; Creatinine ; Dizziness ; Erythema ; Gangrene ; Headache ; Humans ; Nausea ; Oxygen ; Seizures ; Skin ; Stupor ; Ulcer ; Unconsciousness ; Urinalysis ; Vomiting

Background ; Carbon Monoxide is colorless, ordorless, highly toxic gas produced by fire and by motor vehicles and appliances which use carbon-based fuels. In Korea, since coals were the main domestic fuel for cooking and for heating the floor, many cases of carbon monoxide intoxication have occurred annually. Until now, systemic complications & clinical manifestations as well as neurologic complications following carbon monoxide poisoning have rarely been reported. METHODS: I have researched systemic complications and clinical manifestations including neurologic complications from 1986 to 1997. I reviewed retrospectively medical records of 188 admitted patients to the Yonsei Medical Center due to carbon monoxide intoxication, and analyzed them according to the neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, urogenital, dermatological and other systems. RESULTS: 1)The number of the admitted patients due to CO intoxication to Yonsei Medical Center between 1986 and 1997 has decreased compared to that between 1976 and 1981. 2)In this study, the cause of CO intoxication were furnaces in 170 cases(93.9%), fire accidents in 2 cases(1.1%), gas boilers in 2 cases(1.1%), LPG gas in 1 case(0.55%) and propan gas in 1 case(0.55%) in order. 3)Systemic complications and clinical manifestations after CO intoxication were 167(88.8%) nervous , 59(31.4%) musculoskeletal, 56(29.8%) respiratory, 49(26%) dermatologic, 44(23.4%) cardiovascular, 30(16.0%) genitourinary and 9(4.8%) other complications. Other systemic complications as well as neurological complications were not rare. 4)The clinical manifestations of neurological complications were decreased mental status(drowsy in 57 cases(30.3%), stupor in 63 cases(33.5%), semicoma in 33 cases(17.6%), coma in 13 cases(6.9%), alert in 22 cases(11.7%), focal sign related to the stroke in 16 cases (7.4%), incontinence in 22 cases(11.7%), seizure in 4 cases(2.4%), psychiatric behavior in 4 cases(2.4%), peripheral neuropathy in 4 cases(2.4%), bracheal plexopathy in 4 cases(2.4%), and torticollis in 1 case(0.5%). Delayed neurologic sequelae were akinetic mutism in 13 cases(76.5%), mental deterioration in 6 cases(35.3%), incontinence in 6 cases(35.3%), psychiatric behavior in 3 cases(17.6%), speech disturbance in 2 cases(11.8%), involuntary movement in 2 cases(11.8%), and depression in 1 case(5.9%) in order. 5)Cardiovascular complications showed tachycardia in 47 cases(28.3%), ischemic heart disease in 34 cases(18.6%), right bundle branch block in 6 cases(3.6%), left axis deviation in 4 cases(2.4%), atrial fibrillation in 3 cases(1.8%), sinus arrhythmia in 2 cases(1.2%), premature atrial contraction in 1 case(0.6%), premature ventricular contraction in 1 case(0.6%), primary atrio-ventricular block in 1 case(0.6%), prolonged QT in 1 case(0.6%). 6)Pulmonary complications were pneumonia in 23 cases(13.1%), pulmonary edema in 22 cases(12.6%), pneumonia with pulmonary edema in 3 cases(1.7%), and atelectasis, pulmonary hemorrhage, empyema, pleurisy in each 1 case(0.6%). 7)Azotemias were 26 cases(14.2%), clinically confirmed acute renal failures were 4 cases(2%) 8)Rhabdomyolysis was not rare as 63 cases(33.5%) compared to the previous report. 9)Dermatologic complications were erythema with bullae in 21 cases(11.9%), erythema without bullae in 14 cases(7.9%), bullae only in 10 cases(5.6%), laceration in 3 cases(1.65%), and ulceration in 1 case(0.55%). Conclusion ; We must consider other systemic manifestations as well as neurological symptoms in patients with CO intoxication since those are not infrequent in Korea.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Akinetic Mutism ; Arrhythmia, Sinus ; Atrial Fibrillation ; Atrial Premature Complexes ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Bundle-Branch Block ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; Carbon Monoxide* ; Carbon* ; Coal ; Coma ; Cooking ; Depression ; Dyskinesias ; Empyema ; Erythema ; Fires ; Heating ; Hemorrhage ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Korea ; Lacerations ; Medical Records ; Motor Vehicles ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Penicillin G Benzathine ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Pleurisy ; Pneumonia ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Pulmonary Edema ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures ; Stroke ; Stupor ; Tachycardia ; Torticollis ; Ulcer ; Ventricular Premature Complexes

Carbon monoxide (CO) has the toxic effects of tissue hypoxia and produces various systemic and neurological complications. The main clinical manifestations of acute CO poisoning consist of symptoms caused by alterations of the cardiovascular system such as initial tachycardia and hypertension, and central nervous system symptoms such as headache, dizziness, paresis, convulsion and unconsciousness. CO poisoning also produces myocardial ischemia, atrial fibrillation, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, erythrocytosis, leucocytosis, hyperglycemia, muscle necrosis, acute renal failure, skin lesion, and changes in perception of the visual and auditory systems. Of considerable chinical interest, severe neurological manifestations may occur days or weekes after acute CO poisoning. Delayed sequelae of CO poisoning are not rare, usually occur in middle or older, and are clinically characterized by symptom triad of mental deterioration, urinary incontinence, and gait disturbance. Occasionally, movement disorders, particularly parkinsonism, are observed. In addition, peripheral neuropathy following CO poisoning usually occurs in young adults.
Animal ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/complications/*physiopathology ; Human

The meningitis occur within a closed anatomic space, so they have many similar clinical features and characteristic CSF abnormalities. But the temporal profile of many meningitis is distinctive from aseptic meningitis with spontaneous remission to bacterial or tuberculous meningitis with fatal outcome without treatment. Therefore early accurate differential diagnosis is required. The development of diagnostic tools and treatment, and increase of immunodeficient state and resistant pathogens have changed the distribution of main pathogens of meningitis from the past. Therefore we analyzed 241 medical records with final diagnosis as 'infectious meningitis' to evaluate the distribution of pathogens in Korea and any differential points of clinical, laboratory, and radiologic, profile according to etiology. 1. The etiologic distributions were followings, Aseptic meningitis in 100 patient(41.5%), tuberculous meningitis in 58 patients(24.1%), bacterial meningitis in 48 patients(19.9%), and fungal in 16 patients(6.6%). 2. The intense seasonal occurrence was noted in aseptic meningitis with summer. 3. Fever and headache were noted in almost all patients Altered mental status were noted in 39.6% of bacterial meningitis, 53.41% of tuberculous meningitis but not in fungal and aseptic meningitis. Meningeal irritation signs were noted in less patients(25%) with fungal meningitis but in more with aseptic, bacterial or tuberculous meningitis m 52-66.7%. Most of all focal neurologic signs were present in bacterial or tuberculous meningitis. 4. Many immunocompromized patients had fungal meningitis, three of which showed normal CSF leukocyte counts And it pointed up the importance of intensive etiologic evaluation in immunodeficient patients with clinically suspected symptoms of meningitis. 5. CSF findings at admission were following. CSF leukocytes were mean 206-258/yL in aseptic, tuberculous or fungal meningitis. But in bacterial meningitis leukocyte counts were greater than 1,000/mL in mom than half of patients. The differential counts of leukocytes were monocyte predominant except in bacterial meningitis. The reductions of CSF sugar were noted in bacterial, tuberculous, or fungal meningitis. Characteristically all patients with extremely low CSF sugar(less than 10mg/dL) had bacterial meningitis. 6. The most frequent pathologic findings in neuroimaging study were hydrocephalus(20patients: 9.1%) and meningeal enhancement(19patient,: 8.6%). Small enhancing mass(8patients: 3.6%.) and focal infarction(8patients: 3.6%) were noted less frequently. These abnormal radiologic findings were noted in 2 patients(2.0%) with aseptic meningitis, 15 patients(38.7%) with bacterial meningitis, 29 patients(50.0%) with tuberculous meningitis and 5 patients(35.7%) with fungal meningitis.
Adult* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fatal Outcome ; Fever ; Headache ; Humans ; Korea ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes ; Medical Records ; Meningitis* ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; Meningitis, Fungal ; Monocytes ; Neuroimaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Remission, Spontaneous ; Seasons ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal

We studied 55 patients with static brain lesions who developed delayed-onset movement disorders. Of these, 29(52.7%) had pakinsonism, 17(30.9%) dystonia, 6(10.9%) chorea, 2(3.6%) tremor, and I(I.8%) myoclonus. The precipitating insults included carbon mono-oxide, poisoning in 32(58.2%), 6(10.9%), encephalitis in 5(9.1%)head injury, stoke and hypoxia, in 6(10.9%) patients each. Among the four Patients with initial insult occurring at age 2years or younger(infant group), all had dystonia. Distribution of dystonia was focal in one(25%), segmental in two(50%), and unilateral in one patient(25%). The mean latency between the original injury and the onset of movement disorder was 378.03+277.13 weeks. Among the 11 patient initial insults occurring between ages 5 and 17(childhood group), 7 had dystonia, 3 parkinsonism, 1chorea. The distribution of dystonia was focal in one, segmental in five, and unilateral in one patient; the mean latency between the original injury and the onset of movement disorder was 91.3+,230.1 weeks. Among the 40patients with initial insults occurring at ages 23 or older (adult group), 26(65.0%) had parkinsonism, 6(15.0%) dystonia, 5(12.5%) chorea, 2(5.0%) tremor, 1(2.5%) myoclonus. The distribution of dystonia in patient was focal in two(33.0%), and segmental in four(67.7%) patients. The mean latency of movement disorder onset in the 40 patients, of the adult group was 17.25+43.67weeks. Brain injury at a young age was associated with a longer latency to onset of subsequent movement disorder. Among the 45 initial brain computed tomography, 28 (62.2%) had abnormal findings; 14(31.1%) low density lesion in the basal ganglia, 7(15.6%) low density lesions in the cerebral white matter, 2(4.4%) low density lesion in the cerebral white matter and basal ganglia, and 5(l1.1%) cortical atrophy. Seventeen (37.8%) had normal neuroimaging finding. Many, but not all, patients had lesionon on brain imaging, but there was no clear correlation between the sites of damage on imaging and the clinical manifestation.
Adult ; Anoxia ; Atrophy ; Basal Ganglia ; Brain Injuries ; Brain* ; Carbon ; Chorea ; Dystonia ; Encephalitis ; Humans ; Movement Disorders* ; Myoclonus ; Neuroimaging ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Poisoning ; Tremor

The clinical cases of 6 patients suffering with chorea after acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning were reviewed. There were 2 men and 4 women, and the age at onset ranged from 11 to 60 (mean 33.0) years. All the patients except one were associated with mild delayed CO encephalopathy. The latency period between CO poisoning and the onset of chorea was 10 to 30 (mean 21.7) days. The duration of chorea after CO poisoning was 14 to 90 (mean 39.8) days. The brain CT findings were bilateral low- density lesions in the basal ganglia and/or in the white matter of the cerebral cortex, and there was no correlation between the lesion sites on the imagings and the development of chorea. Neuroleptic agents alleviated the chorea and the patients did not relapse after neuroleptic agents were halted.
Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain Diseases/etiology/radiography ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/*complications/radiography ; Chorea/*etiology/radiography ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Young adult stroke is not rare disease and have diverse causes. We studied 135 young adults aged 15 - 45 years who had been admitted to Severance Hospital with a diagnosis of cerebral infarction from January 1990 to June 1995. The results are as follows. 1. The diverse causes of earshot infarction in young adults have been found in most patients(88.2%). The major causes of cerebral infarction in young adults were atherosclerosis(32.6%) and cardioembolism(32.6%). The causes were significantly different between younger(15 - 30 years old) and older(31 - 45 years old) patients. 2. The major risk factors of atherosclerotic cerebral infarction were hypertension(29 patients), smoking(14 patients), and hyperlipidemia(11 patients). 3. The major causes of cardioembolism were valvular heart disease(21 patients) and prosthetic valve(I0 patients). The mitral valve prolapse was discovered only in one patient. 4. Fourteen patients had non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies. The moyamoya disease was the most common cause of them. 5. The other causes of cerebral infarction were found in 17 patients and the major causes were alcohol intoxication and postoperative thromboembolism. 6. The cerebral infarction occurred mostly in the carotid artery territory(95 patients) and the distribution of the involved vascular territory was not different between younger and older age groups. 7. The clinical outcomes were good in most patients (86, 7%). From the above results, we demonstrated that young adults with cerebral infarction had various causes and showed favorable clinical outcomes. We also found that the causes of cerebral infarction varied between younger and older groups. Our findings suggest that careful and thorough case-by-ease evaluation may be mandatory to clarify the causes of cerebral infarction in young adults.
Carotid Arteries ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Diagnosis ; Heart ; Humans ; Infarction ; Mitral Valve Prolapse ; Moyamoya Disease ; Rare Diseases ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; Thromboembolism ; Young Adult*

Conduction velocity of the saphenous nerve was studied antidromically. The value in 20 control subjects was 42.22 +/- 4.83 (SD) m/sec. In 7 patients with femoral neuropathy, the sensory nerve conduction in the symptomatic nerves was definitely abnormal : nerve potential was absent in 4 and conduction velocity was slow in 2. In 1 patient, a possible asymptomatic femoral neuropathy was suggested by this test. Conduction velocity of the saphenous nerve can be used as an objective diagnostic aid in femoral neuropathy, saphenous neuropathy and polyneuropathy.
Adult ; Female ; Femoral Nerve* ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Neural Conduction* ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology ; Thigh/innervation*

Datura stramonium is an annual herb, growing wild in the most part of our country. All parts of the plant contain belladonna alkaloid. Ingestion of Datura stramonium and the resulting toxic symptoms have been already reported throughout the world, but not in Korea. Two cases of acute anticholinergic symptom due to Datura stramonium intoxication are presented. The diagnosis in the first case was suspected on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms, comfirmed by the appearance of similar symptoms and signs in the second, history of ingestion of small amount of stramonium liquor and identification of the plant specimen obtained. Both recovered spontaneously without neurologic sequalae.
Atropa belladonna ; Datura stramonium* ; Datura* ; Diagnosis ; Eating ; Korea ; Plants

Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown origin in which the recurrence is frequently observed despite an initial response to steroid therapy. Four patients, two men and two women aged 63 to 67 years, with severe headaches were evaluated by a brain MRI, and two patients were evaluated by follow up MRI receiving azathioprine therapy. All patients were given initial oral prednisolone 60mg or steroid pulse therapy followed by oral prednisolone and azathioprine therapy. Four patients improved with prednisolone but became steroid depen-dent. Azathioprine therapy permitted a reduction of the corticosteroid which may lead to clinical and radiological improvement. At present, high dose corticosteroid therapy is the treatment of choice, followed by immunosuppressive agents, such as azathioprine, if necessary. Further long-term follow-up studies of these patients are needed to clarify the outcome of this rare disease.
Azathioprine* ; Brain ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Headache ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Meningitis* ; Prednisolone ; Rare Diseases ; Recurrence