BACKGROUND: Measurement of the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level has been recommended as the first diagnostic test for differentiating between ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome (CS) and ACTH-dependent CS. When plasma ACTH values are inconclusive, a differential diagnosis of CS can be made based upon measurement of the serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) level and results of the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (HDST). The aim of this study was to assess the utility of plasma ACTH to differentiate adrenal CS from Cushing' disease (CD) and compare it with that of the HDST results and serum DHEA-S level. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, multicenter study from January 2000 to May 2012 involving 92 patients with endogenous CS. The levels of plasma ACTH, serum cortisol, 24-hour urine free cortisol (UFC) after the HDST, and serum DHEA-S were measured. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients had adrenal CS and 35 patients had CD. The area under the curve of plasma ACTH, serum DHEA-S, percentage suppression of serum cortisol, and UFC after HDST were 0.954, 0.841, 0.950, and 0.997, respectively (all P<0.001). The cut-off values for plasma ACTH, percentage suppression of serum cortisol, and UFC after HDST were 5.3 pmol/L, 33.3%, and 61.6%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of plasma ACTH measurement were 84.2% and 94.3%, those of serum cortisol were 95.8% and 90.6%, and those of UFC after the HDST were 97.9% and 96.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Significant overlap in plasma ACTH levels was seen between patients with adrenal CS and those with CD. The HDST may be useful in differentiating between these forms of the disease, especially when the plasma ACTH level alone is not conclusive.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone* ; Cushing Syndrome* ; Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ; Dexamethasone ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion* ; Plasma* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

No abstract available.
Candidiasis* ; Fluconazole* ; Humans

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by antibodies against acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle. Myocardial involvement can present as myocarditis, ventricular tachycardia, heart failure and sudden death. However, advanced heart block is a very rare symptom. We report the case of a 69-year-old male who experienced dizziness and ptosis for one-month prior. He was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis and thymoma accompanied by complete atrioventricular block. The dizziness disappeared after implantation of a permanent pacemaker and the advanced heart block was resolved after surgical removal of the thymoma.
Aged ; Antibodies ; Atrioventricular Block ; Death, Sudden ; Dizziness ; Heart Block* ; Heart Failure ; Heart* ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myasthenia Gravis* ; Myocarditis ; Receptors, Cholinergic ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Thymoma*

Mature cystic teratoma of the ovary is the most common ovarian germ cell tumor and benign, but malignant transformation occurs in less than 2% of benign mature teratoma. Of the malignancies arising in teratomas, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common, however, carcinoid tumors or adenocarcinomas arising in mature cystic teratoma are uncommon, especially simultaneously. We present an unusual case of premenopausal woman having carcinoid tumor and mucinous adenocarcinoma simultaneously arising in ovarian muture cystic teratoma.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous* ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Female ; Humans ; Mucins* ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; Ovary ; Teratoma*

PURPOSE: To minimize the process that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients have to go through when visiting the emergency room (ER), and thus to provide prompt reperfusion therapy using the six sigma protocol, a business management renovation strategy to standardize the clinical process. METHODS: Analysis was done on data obtained both before and after implementation of the six sigma protocol. Data were collected from ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who visited the ER between February 2006 and March 2009 and received reperfusion therapy. For statistical analysis used we used an unpaired t-test. RESULTS: After the six sigma protocol was put into practice, total visiting time was reduced from 124.4+/-76.1 minutes to 91.5+/-50.3 minutes, and the reduction was statistically significant (p<0.0045). Six sigma (6 sigma) means 3.4 PPM, that is, among 1 million cases no more than 3.4 cases should exceed the time limit of 90 minutes from the arrival of the patient to the needle puncture, making the task hard to achieve. sigma score was greatly elevated-from 1.48 sigma to 2.48 sigma and the sigma error rate (the proportion of cases that exceeded 90 min) improved from 62% to 45% . CONCLUSION: In this study we verified that applying the six Sigma protocol significantly reduced the time to reperfusion therapy for AMI patients. The reduction in time was due to changes in software (developed from the existing system) rather than to hardware improvements such as changes in test facilities or manpower amplification. The entire process, from a patient arriving at the ER until the patient received reperfusion therapy was viewed as one systemic flow and applying the six Sigma protocol to such flow was successful as shown by the result of this study. This shows that the six sigma protocol can be applied to a medical system if configured effectively. Further, this method can be useful not only for AMI patients, but also for many other urgent procedures such as acute cerebral infarction patients who require prompt diagnosis and hemolytic therapy, when the definition of the error rate is corrected according to the specific patients groups.
Cerebral Infarction ; Commerce ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Needles ; Punctures ; Reperfusion ; Total Quality Management

PURPOSE: To minimize the process that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients have to go through when visiting the emergency room (ER), and thus to provide prompt reperfusion therapy using the six sigma protocol, a business management renovation strategy to standardize the clinical process. METHODS: Analysis was done on data obtained both before and after implementation of the six sigma protocol. Data were collected from ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who visited the ER between February 2006 and March 2009 and received reperfusion therapy. For statistical analysis used we used an unpaired t-test. RESULTS: After the six sigma protocol was put into practice, total visiting time was reduced from 124.4+/-76.1 minutes to 91.5+/-50.3 minutes, and the reduction was statistically significant (p<0.0045). Six sigma (6 sigma) means 3.4 PPM, that is, among 1 million cases no more than 3.4 cases should exceed the time limit of 90 minutes from the arrival of the patient to the needle puncture, making the task hard to achieve. sigma score was greatly elevated-from 1.48 sigma to 2.48 sigma and the sigma error rate (the proportion of cases that exceeded 90 min) improved from 62% to 45% . CONCLUSION: In this study we verified that applying the six Sigma protocol significantly reduced the time to reperfusion therapy for AMI patients. The reduction in time was due to changes in software (developed from the existing system) rather than to hardware improvements such as changes in test facilities or manpower amplification. The entire process, from a patient arriving at the ER until the patient received reperfusion therapy was viewed as one systemic flow and applying the six Sigma protocol to such flow was successful as shown by the result of this study. This shows that the six sigma protocol can be applied to a medical system if configured effectively. Further, this method can be useful not only for AMI patients, but also for many other urgent procedures such as acute cerebral infarction patients who require prompt diagnosis and hemolytic therapy, when the definition of the error rate is corrected according to the specific patients groups.
Cerebral Infarction ; Commerce ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Needles ; Punctures ; Reperfusion ; Total Quality Management

PURPOSE: Population based structural and functional maps of the brain provide effective tools for the analysis and interpretation of complex and individually variable brain data. Brain MRI and PET standard templates and statistical probabilistic maps based on image data of Korean normal volunteers have been developed and probabilistic maps based on cytoarchitectonic data have been introduced. A quantification method using these data was developed for the objective assessment of regional intensity in the brain images. Materials and METHODS: Age, gender and ethnic specific anatomical and functional brain templates based on MR and PET images of Korean normal volunteers were developed. Korean structural probabilistic maps for 89 brain regions and cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps for 13 Brodmann areas were transformed onto the standard templates. Brain FDG PET and SPGR MR images of normal volunteers were spatially normalized onto the template of each modality and gender. Regional uptake of radiotracers in PET and gray matter concentration in MR images were then quantified by averaging (or summing) regional intensities weighted using the probabilistic maps of brain regions. Regionally specific effects of aging on glucose metabolism in cingulate cortex were also examined. RESULTS: Quantification program could generate quantification results for single spatially normalized images per 20 seconds. Glucose metabolism change in cingulate gyrus was regionally specific: ratios of glucose metabolism in the rostral anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate and the caudal anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate were significantly decreased as the age increased. 'Rostral anterior'/ 'posterior' was decreased by 3.1% per decade of age (P< 10 (-11), r=0.81) and 'caudal anterior'/ 'posterior' was decreased by 1.7% (P< 10 (-8), r=0.72). CONCLUSION: Ethnic specific standard templates and probabilistic maps and quantification program developed in this study will be useful for the analysis of brain image of Korean people since the difference in shape of the hemispheres and the sulcal pattern of brain relative to age, gender, races, and diseases cannot be fully overcome by the nonlinear spatial normalization techniques.
Aging ; Brain* ; Continental Population Groups ; Glucose ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Metabolism ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

We developed age, gender and ethnic specific brain templates based on MR and Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) images of Korean normal volunteers. Seventy-eight normal right-handed volunteers (M/F=49/29) underwent 3D T1-weighted SPGR MR and F-18-FDG PET scans. For the generation of standard templates, an optimal target brain that has the average global hemispheric shape was selected for each gender. MR images were then spatially normalized by linear transformation to the target brains, and normalization parameters were reapplied to PET images. Subjects were subdivided into 2 groups for each gender: the young/midlife (<55 yr) and the elderly groups. Young and elderly MRI/PET templates were composed by averaging the spatially normalized images. Korean templates showed different shapes and sizes (mean length, width, and height of the brains were 16.5, 14.3 and 12.1 cm for man, and 15.6, 13.5 and 11.4 cm for woman) from the template based on Caucasian (18.3, 14.2, and 13.3 cm). MRI and PET templates developed in this study will provide the framework for more accurate stereotactic standardization and anatomical localization.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Brain/*radiography/*radionuclide imaging ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18/diagnostic use ; Humans ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Positron-Emission Tomography/methods ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Sex Factors

The typical radiographic findings of pulmonary edema from the increased hydrostatic pressure shows centrally localized consolidation, which is known as a "butterfly or bat's wing" pattern. These terms describe the anatomic distribution of edema that uniformly involve the hilum and medulla of the lung but not the peripheral region of the lung parenchyma (cortex). We present a case of butterfly wing-like pulmonary edema on a chest radiograph by mitral regurgitation due to an idiopathic chordal rupture.
Butterflies ; Chordae Tendineae ; Edema ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Lung ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency ; Pulmonary Edema* ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Rupture*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of our new video-assisted asthma education program on patients' knowledge regarding asthma and asthma control. METHODS: Adult asthmatics who were diagnosed by primary care physicians and followed for at least 1 year were educated via smart devices and pamphlets. The education sessions were carried out three times at 2-week intervals. Each education period lasted at most 5 minutes. The effectiveness was then evaluated using questionnaires and an asthma control test (ACT). RESULTS: The study enrolled 144 patients (mean age, 56.7±16.7 years). Half of the patients had not been taught how to use their inhalers. After participating in the education program, the participants' understanding of asthma improved significantly across all six items of a questionnaire assessing their general knowledge of asthma. The proportion of patients who made errors while manipulating their inhalers was reduced to less than 10%. The ACT score increased from 16.6±4.6 to 20.0±3.9 (p<0.001). The number of asthmatics whose ACT score was at least 20 increased from 45 (33.3%) to 93 (65.3%) (p<0.001). The magnitude of improvement in the ACT score did not differ between patients who received an education session at least three times within 1 year and those who had not. The majority of patients agreed to the need for an education program (95.8%) and showed a willingness to pay an additional cost for the education (81.9%). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that our newly developed education program would become an effective component of asthma management in primary care clinics.
Adult ; Asthma* ; Education* ; Humans ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Pamphlets ; Physicians, Primary Care ; Primary Health Care*