BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder that frequently occurs in dialysis patients, which disturbs the sleep and reduces the quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for RLS in dialysis patients. METHODS: Patients who visited any of four outpatient dialysis clinics between September 2005 and May 2006 were included in this study. The diagnosis of RLS and the severity assessment were made using the criteria described by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. We collected basic demographic data, clinical information, and laboratory findings, and then analyzed their association with various aspects of RLS using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: RLS was present in 46 (28.0%) of 164 dialysis patients. We found no significant risk factor for inducing RLS. The predialysis serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level in the dialysis patients with RLS was significantly correlated with RLS symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: Predialysis BUN is related to RLS symptom severity. Further studies on the underlying mechanism are needed.
Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Dialysis ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Outpatients ; Quality of Life ; Renal Dialysis ; Restless Legs Syndrome ; Risk Factors

In a photodynamic therapy, the difference of antibacterial capacity was compared according to the type of source of light when the same quantity of energy is irradiated.After S. mutans is formed in planktonic state and biofilm state, erythrosine diluted to 40 µM was treated for 3 minutes, and as the type of light source, Halogen, LED, and Plasma arc were used, which were irradiated for 30 seconds, 15 seconds and 9.5 seconds, respectively.After the completion of the experiment, CFU of each experiment arm was measured to compare the photodynamic therapeutic effects according to each condition.The CFU of each experiment arm had no statistically significant difference.Under the same quantity of energy, the photodynamic therapeutic effect can be said to be the same regardless of types of light source, which is a useful result in the clinical field with various light irradiators.
Arm ; Biofilms ; Erythrosine ; Photochemotherapy ; Plankton ; Plasma ; Streptococcus mutans ; Streptococcus ; Therapeutic Uses

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a 3 tone plaque disclosing gel in assessing the risk of caries related to the population of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp. quantified using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).15 healthy children of ages 9 – 12 years were randomly examined. The 3 tone plaque disclosing gel was applied on teeth surfaces, which changed the color to pink or red, blue or purple and light blue. Plaque was divided into 3 groups based on staining. Genomic DNA from each sample was subjected to a qRT-PCR assay for quantitative detection of target bacteria. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted for correlation between the color of plaque and the number of bacterial species.The levels of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp. were significantly different in the plaque samples of the 3 groups (p < 0.05). The proportion of S. sobrinus to S. mutans showed correlation to the color of plaque.The different color-dyed plaque was related to the number of acidogenic bacteria. The 3 tone plaque disclosing gel could be used as one of the indicators to assess the clinical risk of caries associated with the population of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp.
Bacteria ; Child ; Dental Caries ; Dental Plaque ; DNA ; Humans ; Lactobacillus ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Streptococcus mutans ; Streptococcus sobrinus ; Tooth

The objective of this study was to compare the shear bonding strength of zirconia after cleaning the crown contaminated by saliva or blood and determine the effect of thermocycling. 180 specimens were embedded in acrylic resin. 20 Specimens in the positive control group were bonded with resin cement without contamination. 20 Specimens in the negative control group were washed with water for 20 seconds and then dried for 10 seconds. 120 Specimens contaminated by saliva or blood were cleaned by using three cleaning methods: 37% phosphoric acid gel, commercial cleanse, and 2.5% NaOCl. All samples were bonded with resin cement and divided into two subgroups: One was not aged, and the other was tested with 30,000 thermocycling. In both groups contamination by saliva and blood, no statistically significant difference was not found in control, groups cleansed by commercial cleanser and 2.5% NaOCl. When the groups cleansed with water and 37% phosphate gel were compared with the control, significantly low shear bond strength was shown. Thermocycling group showed statistically significantly low shear bond stress compared to the groups without thermocycling. When zirconia was contaminated by saliva or blood, its original shear bond strength could be obtained if it was cleaned with commercial cleanser or 2.5% NaOCl.
Crowns ; Methods ; Resin Cements ; Saliva ; Water

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three luting cements and to identify the effect of thermocycling.Zirconia discs were made similar to the inner surface of a preformed pediatric zirconia crown (NuSmile® ZR crown: ZRCr). The similarity between the zirconia discs and the inner surface of a ZRCr was confirmed by scanning electron microscope. Three luting cements were Ketac™ Cem Permanent Glass Ionomer Luting Cement (KGI), RelyX™ Luting Plus Cement (RLP), RelyX™ Unicem Self-Adhesive Universal Resin Cement (RUR). Three luting cements were bonded according to the manufacturer's instructions for 60 zirconia discs and 60 dentin of primary teeth. Total of 120 specimens were divided into two subgroups: One was not aged, and the other was tested with 5500 thermocycling. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and the fracture patterns were observed with SEM.On the zirconia discs and the dentin of primary teeth, shear bond strength of RUR was higher than that of KGI and RLP, and there were statistically significant differences by cement type. The shear bond strength differences for RUR were not statistically significant depending on thermocycling.
Crowns ; Dentin ; Glass ; Resin Cements ; Tooth, Deciduous

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding a protective coating on the microhardness and wear resistance of glass ionomer cements (GICs).Specimens were prepared from GIC and resin-modified GIC (RMGI), and divided into 3 groups based on surface protection: (1) no coating (NC), (2) Equia coat coating (EC), and (3) un-filled adhesive coating (AD). All specimens were then placed in distilled water for 24 h. Surface hardness (n = 10) was evaluated on a Vickers hardness testing machine. Wear resistance (n = 10) was evaluated after subjecting the specimen to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles using a chewing simulator. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test.Surface hardness was highest in the NC groups, followed by the EC and AD groups. The wear depth of GI + NC was significantly higher than that of all RMGI groups. EC did not significantly lower the wear depth compared to AD.Based on these results, it was concluded that although EC does not increase the surface microhardness of GIC, it can increase the wear resistance.
Adhesives ; Glass Ionomer Cements ; Hardness ; Hardness Tests ; Mastication ; Water

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of application time and phosphoric acid etching of 8th generation adhesives containing functional monomer on adhesive performance in primary teeth.80 extracted non-carious human primary teeth were selected and divided into 8 groups based on 3 factors: (1) adhesive: G-Premio bond and Single bond universal; (2) application time: shortened time and manufacture's instruction; (3) acid etching mode: self-etching and total-etching. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and fractured surface were observed under scanning electron microscope. Microleakage was evaluated by dye penetration depth.G-Premio bond were not significant different in shear bond strength and microleakage depending on application time of adhesive and acid etching mode. In Single bond universal, shear bond strength of short application time was significantly lower than that of long adhesive application time (p = 0.014). Clinically applicable shear bond strength values (> 17 MPa) were identified in all groups.These results suggested that G-Premio bond be used clinically for a short application time without phosphoric acid etching.
Adhesives ; Humans ; Methods ; Tooth, Deciduous

The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) to dentin with saliva contamination at different stages and using different decontamination procedures.Extracted human permanent molars were embedded onto acrylic resin with the dentin surface exposed. Group I was a control group that was conditioned with polyacrylic acid (PAA). Groups II and III were contaminated with saliva before PAA conditioning and Groups IV, V, and VI were contaminated with saliva after PAA conditioning. After saliva contamination, Groups II and IV were dried, Groups III and V were rinsed and dried, and Group VI was additionally conditioned with PAA. After surface treatment, the dentin specimens were filled with RMGI.Group I showed significantly higher bond strength than the other groups. Group VI showed a significantly higher bond strength than the other saliva contaminated groups. However, there were no significant differences in the failure mode between the different groups.Saliva contamination impaired the bond strength of RMGI to dentin, regardless of when the saliva contamination occurred. Decontamination with washing and drying could not improve the shear bond strength of RMGIC. When saliva contamination occurred after PAA conditioning, additional PAA conditioning improved the shear bond strength.
Decontamination ; Dentin ; Glass ; Humans ; Molar ; Saliva

The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of Mutans streptococci in both planktonic and biofilm states to erythrosine.S. mutans was cultured in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth. Erythrosine was diluted in BHI broth and prepared at a concentration range of 0.02 – 10000 µg/L. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were measured using the microdilution method. After forming biofilms on 96-well plates, the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were measured.S. mutans was susceptible to erythrosine in both planktonic and biofilm states. MIC and MBC values were both 19.5 µg/L for the planktonic state, while MBIC and MBEC values were 313 µg/L and 2500 µg/L, respectively, for the biofilm state.Erythrosine (19.5 µg/L) exhibited a bactericidal effect on S. mutans (killing 99.9%) in the planktonic state. For biofilms, erythrosine inhibited biofilm growth and eradicated 99.9% of biofilm bacteria at higher concentrations than MIC and MBC. These MBIC and MBEC concentrations are much lower than known noxious doses, and the MIC, MBC, and MBIC values were even lower than clinical concentrations.
Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Erythrosine ; Methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plankton

The present study is aimed to assess the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm through teeth whitening light emitting diode (LED).
Planktonic and dynamic biofilm state cultures of S. mutans were used. Erythrosine 20 μM/L was used as the photosensitizer. Irradiation was performed by exposing cultures to clinic and homecare whitening LEDs for 15 minutes. The viability was measured through Colony Forming Unit counts and confocal laser scanning microscopy.
aPDT using whitening LEDs and erythrosine significantly decreased the CFU count of S. mutans compared to that in the control group. Dynamic biofilm group showed more resistant features to aPDT compared with planktonic state. Clinic and homecare whitening LED device showed similar antimicrobial effect.
The whitening LED, which could irradiate the entire oral arch, showed a significant photodynamic effect on cariogenic S. mutans biofilm. aPDT mediated by erythrosine and LEDs used for teeth whitening exhibited promising antimicrobial activity.