No abstract available.
Axilla* ; Breast* ; Fibroadenoma*

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nebulizer therapy with normal saline on thirst and sore throat among postoperative patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group, pretest-posttest design was used with 50 participants. The experimental group received nebulizer therapy with normal saline every two hours for 10 minutes three times and wet gauze (n= 25), and the control group received only wet gauze (n= 25). Data were collected using the Numeral Rating Scale for Thirst and Sore Throat. Measurements were calculated before applying nebulizer therapy and total five times for 12 hours after treatment. Data were analyzed using the repeated measured ANOVA. Results: Thirst for the experimental group using the nebulizer therapy with normal saline improved more than for the control group (F= 3.06, p = .043). Sore throat was not significantly different between the two groups (F= 0.63, p = .565). Conclusion Study results indicate that using nebulizer therapy with normal saline can reduced thirst for postoperative patients. So nurses can apply nebulizer therapy with normal saline to reduce thirst and to improve comfort for postoperative patients.

No abstract available.
Bowen's Disease* ; Porokeratosis*

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer. In patients with darker skin, most BCCs are pigmented. Studies suggest that increased pigmentation in BCC may be inversely associated with tumor aggressiveness. Objective: This study analyzed the dermoscopic features and histopathologic patterns of BCCs to evaluate the correlation between BCC pigmentation and tumor aggressiveness. Methods: A total of 76 BCC lesions were included in this retrospective study. The Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) stage and tumor depth were measured as indices of tumor aggressiveness. The Fontana–Masson stain was performed for the identification of melanin, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed using Melan-A and HMB-45 to identify melanocytes. Results: In MMS stage 1, the dermoscopic pigmentation value was 34.48%±14.22% (mean±standard deviation). In MMS stages 2 and 3, dermoscopic pigmentations were 13.72%±7.54% and 15.50%±17.52%, respectively. In the logistic regression model, higher dermoscopic pigmentation (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68~0.99), melanin (95% CI, 0.63~0.89), and melanocyte-stained areas (95% CI, 0.70~0.92) were associated with a lower possibility of BCC tumor infiltration over the middle and lower layers. Conclusion We found an inverse correlation between the pigmentation and aggressiveness of BCCs. Clinicians can predict the subclinical infiltration depth of BCC on the basis of the pigmentation observed on dermoscopy. Pigmentation can be considered a favorable prognostic factor for BCC.

OBJECTIVE & BACKGROUND: There have been reports on the lateralizing value of temporal lobe interictal epileptiform discharge(IED), yet it is a matter of debate till now. We studied our patients focusing on the degree of lateralization by which accurate lateralization was possible and also on the significance of bisynchronous IED(BIED) in the lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy. METHOD: Fifty two patients were included in the study who were diagnosed as having medial temporal lobe epilepsy through video-EEG monitoring and brain MRI. Twenty four hour sleep-deprived interictal scalp EEG was checked for all of them. After that, we counted the number of independent IED(IIED) and BIED originating from anterior temporal areas. Then we tried to find a reasonable degree of IED above which correct lateralization of epileptogenic area was possible by using brain MRI as a standard. We also tried to find a significance of BIED in the lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy by comparing the result excluding patients with BIED to that includig patients with BIED. RESULT: Lateralization of IED was over 80% accurate if the cutoff point was set at 70% and patients with BIED were included, but nearly 100% accurate of the cutoff point was set at 80% and patients with BIED were excluded. CONCLUSION: Influence of BIED on the accuracy of lateralization by IED is significant, and if the lateralization of IED is over 80% in patients with no BIED, the chance of true lateralization is very high.
Brain ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Scalp ; Temporal Lobe*

Distinct from migraine with aura or hemiplegic migraine, a rare clinical entity of migraine-like headache, transient focal neurologic deficit and CSF pleocytosis (HaNDL) has been known. Although the etiology or pathogenesis is unknown, possibility of viral infection or inflammation has been suggested. We report a 25-year-old man diagnosed as HaNDL with literature review. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(3):302~304, 2001)
Adult ; Aphasia ; Headache* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Leukocytosis* ; Migraine Disorders ; Migraine with Aura ; Neurologic Manifestations*

RATIONAELE: Secondary bilateral synchrony(SBS) is not an unusual finding to the EEGers, but its Significance is not well-delineated. We reviewed the clinical EEG, and neuroimaging characteristicts in patients with SBS. METHOD: Patients who were admitted for presurgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy were classified on the basis of video-EEG monitoring, prolonged interictal EEG, MRI, ictal SPECT, PET, and, in a few cases, the surgical results. We analyzed clinical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging characteristics of patients with SBS by comparing them, with those without SBS. RESULTS: Among 319 patients who were admitted for presurgical epilepsy evaluation, 26 patients had SBS(8.2%). Medial temporal lobe epilepsy was predominant as a whole(140/319, 43.9%), but frontal lobe epilepsy(FLE) was main syndrome in the SBS group(16/26, 61.5%). Multifocal irritative zones were present in 12.5% of FLE with SBS group(2/16) and in 4.8% of FLE without SBS group(2/42). In FLE with SBS group, the location of ictal onset zone was parasaggital in 32%(5/16) and multifocal in 37%(6/16). There was a tendency to develop secondary generalized tonic clonic seizure in FLE with SBS group than in FLE without SBS group. Neuroimaging modalities revealed frontal abnormalities more accurately in FLE with SBS group than in FLE without SBS group. CONCLUSION: Frontal lobe as an epileptogenic zone is an important factor in generating SBS and SBS seems to facilitate seizure spreading to the contralateral hemisphere.
Electroencephalography* ; Epilepsy ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe ; Frontal Lobe ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuroimaging* ; Seizures ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Background: The traditional nasolabial V-Y advancement flap is widely used for midface reconstruction, particularly for the lower third of the nose and upper lip, as its color and texture are similar to these areas. However, it provides insufficient tissue to cover large defects and cannot restore the nasal convexity, nasal ala, and adjacent tissues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the modified nasolabial V-Y advancement flap with extension limbs the along alar crease for the reconstruction of complex midface defects. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 18 patients, who underwent reconstruction with the modified nasolabial V-Y advancement flap, was performed between September 2014 and December 2022. An extension limb was added along the alar crease, adjacent to the defect area, and was hinged down as a transposition flap at the end of the advancement flap. Results: The extension limb along the alar crease successfully covered large and complicated defects, including those of the ala, the alar rim, the alar base, the nostrils, and the upper lip, with minor complications. Conclusion The alar crease is a good donor site for the reconstruction of large and complex nasal and upper lip defects.

The present study is aimed to assess the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm through teeth whitening light emitting diode (LED).
Planktonic and dynamic biofilm state cultures of S. mutans were used. Erythrosine 20 μM/L was used as the photosensitizer. Irradiation was performed by exposing cultures to clinic and homecare whitening LEDs for 15 minutes. The viability was measured through Colony Forming Unit counts and confocal laser scanning microscopy.
aPDT using whitening LEDs and erythrosine significantly decreased the CFU count of S. mutans compared to that in the control group. Dynamic biofilm group showed more resistant features to aPDT compared with planktonic state. Clinic and homecare whitening LED device showed similar antimicrobial effect.
The whitening LED, which could irradiate the entire oral arch, showed a significant photodynamic effect on cariogenic S. mutans biofilm. aPDT mediated by erythrosine and LEDs used for teeth whitening exhibited promising antimicrobial activity.

This study is aimed to evaluate and compare the surface roughness and microbial adhesion to alkasite restorative material (Cention N), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and composite resin. And to examine the correlation between bacterial adhesion and surface roughness by different finishing systems.
Specimens were fabricated in disk shapes and divided into four groups by finishing methods (control, carbide bur, fine grit diamond bur, and white stone bur). Surface roughness was tested by atomic force microscope and surface observation was performed by scanning electron microscope. Colony forming units were measured after incubating Streptococcus mutans biofilm on specimens using CDC biofilm reactor.
Cention N surface roughness was less than 0.2 μm after finishing procedure. Control specimens of resin and Cention N specimens were significantly (p = 0.01) rougher. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC = 0.13) indicated a weak correlation between surface roughness and S. mutans adhesion to the specimens.
Compared with resin specimens, RMGI and Cention N showed lower microbial adhesion. Surface roughness and bacterial adhesion were not significantly different, regardless of the finishing systems.