The Gantzer's muscle (GM) is an additional muscle in the forearm as the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and accessory head of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). We reported a rare case of double GM formed by four muscle bellies. From the dorsal part of flexor digitorum superficialis, small four bellies formed two muscles merging to FDP and FPL, as GMs. These accessory heads of FDP and FPL crossed the ulnar artery and the median nerve, respectively. These additional muscles in the forearm flexor compartment are rare and its clinical and embryological significances should be considered.
Forearm ; Head ; Median Nerve ; Muscles* ; Ulnar Artery

OBJECTIVES: The Young's internet addiction test (IAT) is used worldwide, and the psychometric properties of IAT have been documented in other countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate the factors and structure of the IAT as applied to Korean college students. METHODS: Data was collected from students (n=2216) at Kongju National University via an online survey system. The factor structures of the IAT were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: The IAT produced acceptable internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach alpha=0.921). We discovered that the two-factor structure of the IAT produced acceptable psychometric properties. Factor 1 consisted of the aspiration and obsession to achieve orientation in cyberspace, Factor 2 consists of loss of control, withdrawal, and neglect of social interaction and duties. These findings were inconsistent with those of previous studies. There were no significant gender differences observed in internet addiction rates. CONCLUSION: IAT is a reliable scale which identifies two internet addiction factors in Korean college students. This scale could be useful to quantitatively evaluate internet addiction.
Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Internet ; Interpersonal Relations ; Obsessive Behavior ; Orientation ; Psychometrics

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify turnover experiences of men in nursing and to derive a substantive theory on the turnover experience of men who are nurses. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 13 men who had worked as a nurse for 1 year or more, and had a turnover experience during that period. Collected data were analyzed on the basis of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory. RESULTS: The core category in the turnover experiences of the respondents was ‘seeking a stable place for me’. In the analysis of the core category, types of ‘contentment’, ‘seeking’, ‘survival’ and ‘confusion’ were identified. The sequential stages of these nurses’ turnover experience were ‘confrontation’, ‘incertitude’, ‘retrying’ and ‘realization’. However, when a problem arose in the process, they returned to the stage of confusion. Thus, these stages could occur in a circular fashion. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a deep understanding of the turnover experience of men in nursing and offers new information about how they adapt to nursing practice. The findings should be useful as foundational data for men who hope to become nurses and also for managers responsible for nurses who are men.
Grounded Theory ; Hope ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Male* ; Nurses, Male* ; Nursing ; Personnel Turnover ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The present study was done to provide understanding of how female nurses adapt to male nurses and to derive an entity concept that explains the experience process for female nurses. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 16 female nurses who had work experience with male nurses. Collected data were analyzed using the grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin. RESULTS: The core category found in the adjustment experience of female nurses to male nurses was “win-win partnership with male nurses who struggle to keep up in the clinical setting”. The central phenomenon was “unprepared meeting with male nurses who are different from us”. The action/interaction strategies the participants used were “recognition of differences,”, “positive approach,” and “acceptance as a colleague.” CONCLUSION: The results showed that female nurses tried to have a win-win partnership with male nurses by using several strategies. This result broadened the range of understanding of female nurses' adjustment to male nurses and provides new information on their adaptation to practical work.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Female ; Grounded Theory ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Male ; Nurses, Male

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder (AD) are mental disorders with a high social burden. Since the discovery of neurogenesis, one effect of anti-depressant was revealed as increasing the neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus (DG). Thus, many researchers have speculated that neurogenesis may correlate with the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety disorders. It was reasonable to hypothesize that neurogenesis would be essential for the therapeutic mechanism. We call this new hypothesis the neurogenic theory. In this review, we investigated the validity and evidence of neurogenic theory through post-mortem studies and animal models. As a result, it seems to be a lack of strong evidence to claim that the defect of neurogenesis itself causes MDD and AD. However, neurogenesis seems to be essential, at least for improving depressive or anxiety behaviors. From the algorithmic perspective, we also discussed the pattern separation, suggested function of neurogenesis of the DG, in the relationship with the symptoms of mental disorder. We tried to show that it is appropriate to interpret the relationship between neurogenesis and mental disorder using the term “overgeneralization” rather than the theoretical term “pattern separation”.Overgeneralization was especially beneficial for interpreting the relationship between the defect of neurogenesis and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) among AD. It is necessary to further investigate the effect of neurogenesis in the treatment of mental illnesses such as MDD and AD including PTSD, and in the prognosis of patients.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder (AD) are mental disorders with a high social burden. Since the discovery of neurogenesis, one effect of anti-depressant was revealed as increasing the neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus (DG). Thus, many researchers have speculated that neurogenesis may correlate with the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety disorders. It was reasonable to hypothesize that neurogenesis would be essential for the therapeutic mechanism. We call this new hypothesis the neurogenic theory. In this review, we investigated the validity and evidence of neurogenic theory through post-mortem studies and animal models. As a result, it seems to be a lack of strong evidence to claim that the defect of neurogenesis itself causes MDD and AD. However, neurogenesis seems to be essential, at least for improving depressive or anxiety behaviors. From the algorithmic perspective, we also discussed the pattern separation, suggested function of neurogenesis of the DG, in the relationship with the symptoms of mental disorder. We tried to show that it is appropriate to interpret the relationship between neurogenesis and mental disorder using the term “overgeneralization” rather than the theoretical term “pattern separation”.Overgeneralization was especially beneficial for interpreting the relationship between the defect of neurogenesis and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) among AD. It is necessary to further investigate the effect of neurogenesis in the treatment of mental illnesses such as MDD and AD including PTSD, and in the prognosis of patients.

Continuous attention has been developed on the anatomical variations of the axilla in anatomist and surgeon due to their clinical importance. The axillary region is an anatomical space between the lateral part of the chest wall and the medial aspect of the upper limb. During the routine dissection of embalmed cadavers, we found variant muscular slip originating from the lateral border of tendinous part of the latissimus dorsi and continuing 9 cm more crossing the axilla. And then, it inserted into the superior margin of the insertion of the pectoralis major. We considered this muscular variation as axillary arch muscle. Correct identification of the relevant anatomy and subsequent simple surgical division is curative, paying special attention to anatomical variations in this region and its clinical importance due to its close relationship to the neurovascular elements of the axilla.
Anatomists ; Axilla ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Median Nerve ; Musculocutaneous Nerve* ; Superficial Back Muscles ; Thoracic Wall ; Upper Extremity

During an educational dissection, accessory tendon of the biceps brachii muscle was found on the right side in a Korean cadaver. The short and long heads showed normal morphology and course: however, narrow tendon was originated from the posterior border of the pectoralis major muscle and was inserted into the conjoined tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle. The authors describe this previously novel case report and discusses the clinical implications of such a variant.
Cadaver ; Head ; Tendons*

The purpose of this study was to report variations of the cubital superficial vein patterns in the Korean subjects, which was investigated by using venous illuminator, AccuVein. The 200 Korean subjects were randomly chosen from the patients and staff of the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center in Daegu, Korea. After excluding the inappropriate cases for detecting venous pattern, we collected 174 cases of right upper limbs and 179 cases of left upper limbs. The superficial veins of the cubital fossa were detected and classified into four types according to the presence of the median cubital vein (MCV) or median antebrachial vein. The type II, presenting the both cephalic and basilic vein connected by the MCV, was most common (177 upper limbs, 50.1%). Although the most common type in male and female was different as type I (108 upper limbs, 49.3%) and type II (75 upper limbs, 56.0%), respectively, statistical significance was not detected (P=0.241). The frequency of the each types between right and left upper limbs was also not different (P=0.973). Among 154 subjects who were observed the venous pattern in the both upper limbs, 76 subjects (49.3%) had the same venous pattern. Using AccuVein to investigate the venous pattern has an advantage of lager scale examination compared to the cadaver study. Our results might be helpful for medical practitioner to be aware of the variation of the superficial cubital superficial vein.
Cadaver ; Daegu ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Ocimum basilicum ; Upper Extremity ; Veins*

For this study, medical students, intern physicians, and resident physicians, were surveyed about the application and effectiveness for medical procedure training using cadaver. In this survey, with a target population of 170 individuals, 105 individuals (61.7%) showed positive responses to learning medical procedural using cadaver. Resident physicians group (80.8%) showed relatively positive responses compared to 4(th) year medical students (58.1%) and intern physicians (47.6%); however, this did not account for any significant statistical difference. Regarding the application of cadaver to medical procedural practices, 95 individuals (62.1%) showed positive responses. Resident physicians (74.5%) had the highest percentage of positive responses compared to intern physicians (56.7%) and 4(th) year medical students (56.6%), and there was a significant statistical difference. Suture (15.7%) was ranked first as the most suitable medical procedural to be practiced on cadaver; tracheotomy and intubation came second and third respectively. This research confirmed the application and the effectiveness of cadaver for medical procedural training and the improvement of general medical procedural ability are expected if the cadaver is applied not only to medical schools but also to intern and resident physician training.
Cadaver* ; Education, Medical ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Intubation ; Learning ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical ; Sutures ; Tracheotomy