PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify turnover experiences of men in nursing and to derive a substantive theory on the turnover experience of men who are nurses. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 13 men who had worked as a nurse for 1 year or more, and had a turnover experience during that period. Collected data were analyzed on the basis of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory. RESULTS: The core category in the turnover experiences of the respondents was ‘seeking a stable place for me’. In the analysis of the core category, types of ‘contentment’, ‘seeking’, ‘survival’ and ‘confusion’ were identified. The sequential stages of these nurses’ turnover experience were ‘confrontation’, ‘incertitude’, ‘retrying’ and ‘realization’. However, when a problem arose in the process, they returned to the stage of confusion. Thus, these stages could occur in a circular fashion. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a deep understanding of the turnover experience of men in nursing and offers new information about how they adapt to nursing practice. The findings should be useful as foundational data for men who hope to become nurses and also for managers responsible for nurses who are men.
Grounded Theory ; Hope ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Male* ; Nurses, Male* ; Nursing ; Personnel Turnover ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The present study was done to provide understanding of how female nurses adapt to male nurses and to derive an entity concept that explains the experience process for female nurses. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 16 female nurses who had work experience with male nurses. Collected data were analyzed using the grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin. RESULTS: The core category found in the adjustment experience of female nurses to male nurses was “win-win partnership with male nurses who struggle to keep up in the clinical setting”. The central phenomenon was “unprepared meeting with male nurses who are different from us”. The action/interaction strategies the participants used were “recognition of differences,”, “positive approach,” and “acceptance as a colleague.” CONCLUSION: The results showed that female nurses tried to have a win-win partnership with male nurses by using several strategies. This result broadened the range of understanding of female nurses' adjustment to male nurses and provides new information on their adaptation to practical work.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Female ; Grounded Theory ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Male ; Nurses, Male

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder (AD) are mental disorders with a high social burden. Since the discovery of neurogenesis, one effect of anti-depressant was revealed as increasing the neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus (DG). Thus, many researchers have speculated that neurogenesis may correlate with the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety disorders. It was reasonable to hypothesize that neurogenesis would be essential for the therapeutic mechanism. We call this new hypothesis the neurogenic theory. In this review, we investigated the validity and evidence of neurogenic theory through post-mortem studies and animal models. As a result, it seems to be a lack of strong evidence to claim that the defect of neurogenesis itself causes MDD and AD. However, neurogenesis seems to be essential, at least for improving depressive or anxiety behaviors. From the algorithmic perspective, we also discussed the pattern separation, suggested function of neurogenesis of the DG, in the relationship with the symptoms of mental disorder. We tried to show that it is appropriate to interpret the relationship between neurogenesis and mental disorder using the term “overgeneralization” rather than the theoretical term “pattern separation”.Overgeneralization was especially beneficial for interpreting the relationship between the defect of neurogenesis and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) among AD. It is necessary to further investigate the effect of neurogenesis in the treatment of mental illnesses such as MDD and AD including PTSD, and in the prognosis of patients.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder (AD) are mental disorders with a high social burden. Since the discovery of neurogenesis, one effect of anti-depressant was revealed as increasing the neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus (DG). Thus, many researchers have speculated that neurogenesis may correlate with the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety disorders. It was reasonable to hypothesize that neurogenesis would be essential for the therapeutic mechanism. We call this new hypothesis the neurogenic theory. In this review, we investigated the validity and evidence of neurogenic theory through post-mortem studies and animal models. As a result, it seems to be a lack of strong evidence to claim that the defect of neurogenesis itself causes MDD and AD. However, neurogenesis seems to be essential, at least for improving depressive or anxiety behaviors. From the algorithmic perspective, we also discussed the pattern separation, suggested function of neurogenesis of the DG, in the relationship with the symptoms of mental disorder. We tried to show that it is appropriate to interpret the relationship between neurogenesis and mental disorder using the term “overgeneralization” rather than the theoretical term “pattern separation”.Overgeneralization was especially beneficial for interpreting the relationship between the defect of neurogenesis and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) among AD. It is necessary to further investigate the effect of neurogenesis in the treatment of mental illnesses such as MDD and AD including PTSD, and in the prognosis of patients.

Purpose: Recent obstetric guidelines recommend the administration of antenatal corticosteroids in pregnant women at risk of delivering infants at a gestational age between 34 and 36 weeks. We examined the effect of incompletely administered antenatal corticosteroids on the neonatal pulmonary outcomes in late preterm infants. Methods: Late preterm infants (34+0 to 36+6 weeks gestational age) born at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2019 to June 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. We excluded multiple births except twins, those with major congenital anomalies, deaths, or transfers to other hospitals. An incomplete course of antenatal corticosteroids was defined as one in which the first or the second dose of betamethasone was administered within 24 hours before delivery. The rates of neonatal pulmonary morbidities were compared between late preterm infants given incomplete courses antenatal corticosteroids and their peers who not given antenatal corticosteroids; these morbidities included respiratory distress syndrome and transient tachypnea of the newborn, assisted ventilation including invasive mechanical ventilation, nasal continuous positive airway pressure and high-flow nasal cannula, and admission to neonatal intensive care unit. Results: Logistic regression models were constructed while adjusting for factors which were significant in bivariate models. After adjusting for baseline maternal and neonatal characteristics, we found no significant differences in the rates of neonatal pulmonary morbidities, assisted ventilation, or admission to the neonatal intensive care unit between late preterm infants who received incomplete antenatal corticosteroid therapy and their peers who were not given any antenatal corticosteroids. Conclusion Incompletely administered antenatal corticosteroids did not significantly alter the neonatal pulmonary outcomes in late preterm infants.

A 25-year old female singer was scheduled to undergo a right hepatectomy for her father's liver transplantation. Her two main requests were rapid recovery and prevention of cosmetic complications, and the avoidance of postoperative laryngeal damage. Thus, we decided to use a laparoscopic surgical approach and the second-generation supraglottic airway (Protector™ supraglottic airway). After anesthetic induction, the supraglottic airway was placed at the first attempt, and its performance was tested using the oropharyngeal leak pressure and maximal minute volume ventilation tests. Throughout the surgery, the cuff pressure of the supraglottic airway was maintained in the green zone. The Protector™ supraglottic airway was successfully used during 300 minutes of anesthesia, and it only caused mild postoperative sore throat without hoarseness or aspiration. Anesthesiologists should consider using the supraglottic airway proactively in laparoscopic living donor right hepatectomies when professional voice users undergo surgery.
Anesthesia ; Female ; Hepatectomy* ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Laryngeal Masks ; Liver Transplantation ; Living Donors* ; Pharyngitis ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; Singing* ; Voice

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: One of the major occupational hazards of working in the military service is being subjected to intense impulse noise, hence acoustic trauma. Acute acoustic trauma is a preventable disease, but the effective treatment modality has not been established yet. Acute acoustic traumas caused by exposure to rifle gunshot noise are common in young Korean males in the military service because of conscription policy. Through the analysis of the clinical presentation of acoustic traumas caused by rifle gunshot noise, we suggest effective preventive modalities. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: 165 soldiers who had otologic symptoms after performing regular rifle gunshot exercise without any hearing protective measures were analyzed. They all had been tested with K2 rifle. History taking, physical examination, pure-tone audiometry, and impedence audiometry, temporal MRI, and Newmann's tinnitus inventory questionnaire survey were performed. RESULTS: Most common and annoying symptom was tinnitus. The average outcome of postexposure air conduction thresholds were 22.3dB HL in the affected ear and 11.8dB HL in the unaffected ear. There was no correlation between severity of tinnitus and severity of hearing loss. Asymmetry of hearing loss related to head position during gunshot was not found. This may be due to the fact that during the mass gunshot training, each patient can be influenced by the gunshot noise of the adjacent gunner's shooting. CONCLUSION: Widening the distance between firing lanes and providing bilateral hearing protective devices against acoustic trauma must be taken into serious consideration.
Acoustics ; Audiometry ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Ear ; Ear Protective Devices ; Fires ; Head ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Noise ; Physical Examination ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tinnitus

We developed a Korean translation of the Internet Addiction Test (KIAT), widely used self-report for internet addiction and tested its reliability and validity in a sample of college students. Two hundred seventy-nine college students at a national university completed the KIAT. Internal consistency and two week test-retest reliability were calculated from the data, and principal component factor analysis was conducted. Participants also completed the Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (IADQ), the Korea Internet addiction scale (K-scale), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for the criterion validity. Cronbach's alpha of the whole scale was 0.91, and test-retest reliability was also good (r = 0.73). The IADQ, the K-scale, and depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with the KIAT scores, demonstrating concurrent and convergent validity. The factor analysis extracted four factors (Excessive use, Dependence, Withdrawal, and Avoidance of reality) that accounted for 59% of total variance. The KIAT has outstanding internal consistency and high test-retest reliability. Also, the factor structure and validity data show that the KIAT is comparable to the original version. Thus, the KIAT is a psychometrically sound tool for assessing internet addiction in the Korean-speaking population.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Behavior, Addictive/*diagnosis ; Depression/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Program Evaluation ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Students/psychology ; *Translating ; Universities ; Young Adult

The purpose of this study was to report variations of the cubital superficial vein patterns in the Korean subjects, which was investigated by using venous illuminator, AccuVein. The 200 Korean subjects were randomly chosen from the patients and staff of the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center in Daegu, Korea. After excluding the inappropriate cases for detecting venous pattern, we collected 174 cases of right upper limbs and 179 cases of left upper limbs. The superficial veins of the cubital fossa were detected and classified into four types according to the presence of the median cubital vein (MCV) or median antebrachial vein. The type II, presenting the both cephalic and basilic vein connected by the MCV, was most common (177 upper limbs, 50.1%). Although the most common type in male and female was different as type I (108 upper limbs, 49.3%) and type II (75 upper limbs, 56.0%), respectively, statistical significance was not detected (P=0.241). The frequency of the each types between right and left upper limbs was also not different (P=0.973). Among 154 subjects who were observed the venous pattern in the both upper limbs, 76 subjects (49.3%) had the same venous pattern. Using AccuVein to investigate the venous pattern has an advantage of lager scale examination compared to the cadaver study. Our results might be helpful for medical practitioner to be aware of the variation of the superficial cubital superficial vein.
Cadaver ; Daegu ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Ocimum basilicum ; Upper Extremity ; Veins*

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important regulator of energy metabolism, is activated in response to cellular stress when intracellular levels of AMP increase. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of AMPK against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in vivo and glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. An adenovirus expressing AMPK wild type alpha subunit (WT) or a dominant negative form (DN) was injected into the hippocampus of rats using a stereotaxic apparatus. The AMPK WT-injected rats showed significant reversal of the scopolamine induced cognitive deficit as evaluated by escape latency in the Morris water maze. In addition, they showed enhanced acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-reactive neurons in the hippocampus, implying increased cholinergic activity in response to AMPK. We also studied the cellular mechanism by which AMPK protects against glutamate-induced cell death in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We further demonstrated that AMPK WT-infected cells increased cell viability and reduced Annexin V positive hippocampal neurons. Western blot analysis indicated that AMPK WT-infected cells reduced the expression of Bax and had no effects on Bcl-2, which resulted in a decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These data suggest that AMPK is a useful cognitive impairment treatment target, and that its beneficial effects are mediated via the protective capacity of hippocampal neurons.
Acetylcholinesterase ; Adenoviridae ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases ; Animals ; Annexin A5 ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Energy Metabolism ; Hippocampus ; Memory ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Rats ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; United Nations