Early detection of gastric cancer is crucial because the survival rate can be improved through curative treatment. Although surgery and gastrectomy with lymph node dissection remain as the gold standard for curative treatment, early gastric cancer (EGC) with negligible risk of lymph node metastasis can be treated with endoscopic resection (ER), such as endoscopic submucosal dissection. Among gastric cancers, undifferentiated-type cancer is distinguished from differentiated-type cancer in various aspects in terms of clinical features and pathophysiology. The undifferentiated-type cancer is also known to be associated with an aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis. Therefore, the indication of ER for undifferentiated EGC is limited compared with differentiated-type. Recent studies have reported that ER for undifferentiated EGC is safe and shows favorable short- and long-term outcomes. However, it is necessary to understand the details of the research results and to selectively accept them. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the current practice guidelines and the short-term and long-term outcomes of ER for undifferentiated type EGC.

Endoscopic accessories describe an extensive variety of auxiliary instruments used for diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy. Various endoscopic accessories have been developed over the previous few decades and are mostly used for treating neoplastic lesions, such as early gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas and premalignant lesions. Because of extensive research on natural orifice endoluminal surgery (NOTES) in the early 2000s and recent technological developments, new devices have been developed for various advanced endoluminal therapeutic procedures. In particular, a remarkable development of endoscopic management was achieved in the field of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and obesity. In both conditions, there is treatment gap between medical and surgical therapy. A large proportion of the patients who do not respond to medical treatment and lifestyle modification, still hesitate to directly undergo surgical treatment. To bridge this gap, endoscopic management has been receiving increasing attention. In this article, I review endoscopic and/or endoluminal devices used for the treatment of GERD and obesity with proposed mechanisms of their function.
Endoscopy ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Humans ; Life Style ; Obesity

Health insurance big data not only provide real-world evidence of unmet needs in actual clinical practice but also of breakthroughs in the medical industry which will shape the future of health care. Big data are also expected to transform the existing medical paradigm and provide a truly personalized medical age. However, questions about research through the collection and utilization of various big data in various fields have also been raised because quality limitations cannot be overlooked. Therefore, many challenges remain to be overcome in the use of big data research as a basis for changing medical practice. Intervention and interpretation by clinical medical experts are required in judging the scientific trustworthiness of the big data analysis process and the validity of the results. Therefore, healthcare big data research cannot achieve its goal by the efforts of researchers alone. Teams of data analysis scientists, epidemiologists, statistics experts, and clinical researchers are required to collaborate closely with team members, from the design phase to expert consultation, through regular meetings. In addition, it is necessary, in the creation of a healthier community, to cooperate with government agencies that provide data based on the whole nation or the world's population, as well as interest groups representing the people, and policy-making organizations. In this paper, we describe the knowledge, practical clinical applications, and future research directions and prospects for the next phase of health care, from the design of clinical research using health insurance big data to report writing.

Health insurance big data not only provide real-world evidence of unmet needs in actual clinical practice but also of breakthroughs in the medical industry which will shape the future of health care. Big data are also expected to transform the existing medical paradigm and provide a truly personalized medical age. However, questions about research through the collection and utilization of various big data in various fields have also been raised because quality limitations cannot be overlooked. Therefore, many challenges remain to be overcome in the use of big data research as a basis for changing medical practice. Intervention and interpretation by clinical medical experts are required in judging the scientific trustworthiness of the big data analysis process and the validity of the results. Therefore, healthcare big data research cannot achieve its goal by the efforts of researchers alone. Teams of data analysis scientists, epidemiologists, statistics experts, and clinical researchers are required to collaborate closely with team members, from the design phase to expert consultation, through regular meetings. In addition, it is necessary, in the creation of a healthier community, to cooperate with government agencies that provide data based on the whole nation or the world's population, as well as interest groups representing the people, and policy-making organizations. In this paper, we describe the knowledge, practical clinical applications, and future research directions and prospects for the next phase of health care, from the design of clinical research using health insurance big data to report writing.
Delivery of Health Care ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Public Opinion ; Statistics as Topic ; Writing

Cellular immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells has revolutionized the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. This review addresses the need for CAR expression in our endogenous T-cells to kill tumor cells with a focus on the basic principles of T-cell receptor recognition of major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes.We review the factors associated with CAR T-cell outcomes and recent efforts to employ CAR T-cells in earlier lines of therapy. We also discuss the value of bispecific T-cell engagers as off-the-shelf products with better toxicity profiles. Finally, natural killer cells are discussed as an important cellular immunotherapy platform with the potential to broaden immunotherapeutic applications beyond lymphoid malignancies.

Gastrointestinal (GI) leakage, fistulae, and perforations can be serious and life threatening. There has been a paradigm shift in the management approach of these conditions, from surgical to conservative, including endoscopic management. Here, we report two cases of endoscopic closure of a GI fistula and perforation using polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets with fibrin glue. The first case is of an anastomotic leak detected after subtotal gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy. After failed application of endoclips, a PGA sheet was applied, and the fistula was successfully closed. The second case was of a 15-mm large perforated gastric ulcer, which was also successfully closed with a PGA sheet. This is the first case report that PGA sheet was used for the treatment of overt perforation. The outcome of these cases suggest that endoscopic closure using PGA sheets can be considered as a useful alternative for the management of GI leakage, fistulae, and perforations.
Anastomotic Leak ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ; Fistula ; Gastrectomy ; Polyglycolic Acid* ; Stomach Ulcer

Acute liver failure due to malignant melanoma is uncommon. We presents a case of acute liver failure secondary to hepatic infiltration of a malignant melanoma. An 86-year-old man was admitted with elevated liver enzymes and an increased lactate dehydrogenase level. His condition progressed to acute liver failure, but the etiology of liver failure was unclear. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed to evaluate dyspepsia, which showed signs indicative of malignant melanoma. Based on the endoscopy findings and elevated liver enzyme levels, liver biopsy was performed to confirm the presence of malignant melanoma. Hepatic infiltration of malignant melanoma was observed histologically. However, massive and diffuse liver metastasis is very rare and difficult to identify on imaging studies. If the etiology of liver failure is unclear, diffuse metastatic melanoma infiltration should be considered as differential diagnosis. Early liver biopsy can help to clarify the diagnosis.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-related perforations of the duodenum are rare but serious complications. Some ERCP-related perforations can be successfully managed without surgery. However, the presence of duodenal perforation may lead to premature termination of the ERCP and need for additional procedure such as percutaneous biliary drainage. If the ERCP-related perforation is identified early during the procedure, primary closure of the perforation can be attempted first or after completion of ERCP. We report two cases of duodenal perforation during ERCP in which ERCP was successfully completed after primary closure of the perforation.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Drainage ; Duodenum ; Intestinal Perforation

Traditionally, tissue biopsies of kidney lesions are usually performed with CT or percutaneous ultrasound guidance, but biopsies using EUS have rarely been reported. In this report, we describe a case of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) diagnosed using EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. A 75-year-old woman taking aspirin due to stable angina continued to exhibit weight loss and anemia and visited the gastroenterology department. No bleeding was observed on upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. A contrast-enhanced mass was observed in the left kidney, accompanied by 8.9×10.8 cm-sized necrosis suggesting RCC on abdominal CT. Chest CT showed masses in both lungs. We planned to administer targeted therapy after pathological confirmation using EUS. Aspirin was continued, and we performed fine-needle biopsy using a 22-gauge needle three times. No adverse events were observed after the procedure. Pathological examination confirmed RCC, clear cell type, and the patient is currently undergoing treatment with sunitinib. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy is safe for liver, pancreatic, or other tumors accessible from the upper gastrointestinal tract. This technique shows fewer adverse events. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no other reports on EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy to identify RCC in Korea.