Objectives: Anxiety disorder is among the most prevalent mental illnesses among adolescents. Early detection and proper treatment are important for preventing sequelae such as suicide and substance use disorder. Studies have suggested that sleep duration is associated with anxiety disorder in adolescents. In the present study, we investigated the association between sleep quality and anxiety in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire was used to evaluate anxiety. The chi-square test was used to investigate and compare the general characteristics of the study population, and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and anxiety. Results: In both sexes, anxiety was highly prevalent in participants with poor sleep quality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43 to 1.71 in boys; aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.42 in girls). Regardless of sleep duration, participants with poor sleep quality showed a high aOR for anxiety. Conclusions This study identified a consistent relationship between sleep quality and anxiety in Korean adolescents regardless of sleep duration.

Purpose: To compare the results of lacrimal syringing performed in clinical practice and under general anesthesia, and the clinical efficacy of lacrimal syringing under general anesthesia before endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and dacryoscintigraphy. Methods: The study included 148 eyes of 82 patients who underwent endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and silicone tube intubation from August 2018 to April 2019. The patients were examined with lacrimal syringing in clinical practice and re‐examined under general anesthesia. Based on the change in lacrimal syringing, the patients were assigned to inconsistent and consistent groups. The inconsistent group was subclassified into complete (‘regurgitation’ of lacrimal syringing changes to a ‘passage’ pattern) and partial improvement groups (the degree of regurgitation improves under general anesthesia). Results: Twenty (13.5%) eyes showed inconsistent results of lacrimal syringing performed in clinical practice and under general anesthesia; all showed improved passage under general anesthesia. The surgical results did not differ significantly (p = 0.336) between the consistent and inconsistent groups, but did between the complete and partial improvement groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions Lacrimal syringing under general anesthesia may enable an accurate preoperative diagnosis of the degree of obstruction. The combined results of dacryoscintigraphy and lacrimal syringing performed in clinical practice and under general anesthesia allow surgeons to evaluate the lacrimal drainage anatomy precisely and may be useful for predicting the functional success of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the underlying causes and clinical characteristics of patients referred with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were referred with IOP elevation from July 2016 to July 2017. Patients with baseline IOP ≥ 22 mmHg and those who were treated and followed up for 6 months were included. The prevalence rates of the underlying diseases that caused IOP elevation were evaluated and the clinical characteristics were compared between patients with primary and secondary glaucoma. RESULTS: A total of 127 patients were included (mean age, 59.3 ± 16.8 years; baseline IOP, 31.7 ± 10.5 mmHg). Among the study participants, 22.0%, 31.5%, and 46.5% had been diagnosed with ocular hypertension, primary glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma, respectively. Among the causes of IOP elevation, open-angle glaucoma (20.5%) had the highest prevalence rate among those with primary glaucoma and inflammation-related glaucoma (12.6%) was the most prevalent cause among those with secondary glaucoma. In a comparison between patients with primary and secondary glaucoma, the percentage of IOP reduction was not significantly different at 6 months after treatment (52.1% vs. 53.9%, p = 0.603). However, the rate of patients treated with drugs other than IOP lowering agents or who underwent surgery was significantly higher in the secondary glaucoma group compared with the primary glaucoma group (all p < 0.05). At 6-month follow-up, the secondary glaucoma group showed significantly higher improvement rates of visual acuity (p = 0.004), but had a larger proportion of patients with a visual acuity of less than or equal to finger count (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment and visual outcome can vary depending on the underlying cause of IOP elevation. Therefore, a thorough examination for determining the cause of IOP elevation is recommended at the initial stage.
Fingers ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Medical Records ; Ocular Hypertension ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

Background: This study aimed to update suicide-related indicators, including the number of suicidal deaths, suicide rate, and the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. We observed trends in suicide-related indicators based on up-to-date information. Methods: This study used five data sources to evaluate the trends of suicide-related indicators: Statistics Korea (1983–2021), Korean Wealth Panel Study (KOWEPS, 2012–2021), and Korea Health Panel Survey (KHP, 2010–2013, 2016–2019), Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANES, 2007–2013, 2015–2021), Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS, 2008–2009, 2013, 2017, 2021). Results: The suicide rate per 100,000 population increased from 25.7 in 2020 to 26.0 in 2021. The rates of suicidal ideation from recently available data were 4.28% (KNHANES, 2021), 6.52% (KCHS, 2021), 1.61% (KOWEPS) and 7.10% (KHP, 2019). The suicidal attempts rates were 0.46% (KNHANES, 2021) and 0.34% (KCHS, 2021). The annual percentage change (APC) of suicide rate showed that suicide rates increased in the younger population (APC=9.02% in <19 years, APC=5.13 in 20–39 years) although the rates decreased in the older population (APC=-3.37 in 60–79 years, APC=-2.25 in >80 years). Conclusion The suicide rate and related indicators increased in 2021 compared to 2020. Thus, continuous observation and appropriate suicide prevention policies as well as studies about the factors that affected the increase in 2021 are needed.

Background: This study aims to contribute to the adjustment of the appropriate doctor manpower by analyzing the distribution, supply and demand, and estimation of the doctor manpower. Methods: This study utilized the medical personnel data of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, population trend data of the National Statistical Office, and health insurance benefit performance data of the National Health Insurance Service. Based on 2021, we compared the number of doctors in actual supply and the number of doctors in demand according to the amount of medical use by gender and age for 250 regions. Logistic regression analysis and scenario analysis were performed to estimate the future medical workforce by considering the demand for doctors according to the future demographic structure, the size of the quota in medical schools, and the retirement rate. Results: There were 186 regions in which the supply of doctors was below average, and the average ratio of the number of doctors in supply to demand in the region was 62.1%. Conclusion In order to increase the number of active doctors nationwide to at least 80%, 7,756 people must be allocated. The number of doctors in demand is estimated to decrease after increasing to 1.492 times in 2059. The future projected number of doctors is expected to increase to 1.349 times in 2050 and then decrease taking into account the doctor quota and the retirement rate.

Syphilis, the "great imitator" of skin diseases, is a chronic systemic infectious disease with a waxing and waning course. Clinical manifestations of syphilis are variable in appearance and have been described for centuries. Especially, secondary syphilis is characterized by large diversity of presentation. They include macular, papular, papulosquamous, syphilis cornee, psoriasiform, annular en cockade, nodular, condylomata lata, malignant syphilis, mucosal lesions, loss of the hairs, and alteration of the nails. Nail involvement of syphilis includes changes on nail plate (syphilitic onychia) or periungual tissue (syphilitic paronychia). A 20-year-old man was presented with multiple erythematous broad eroded surfaced papules and macules on the scrotum and scaly exfoliated patch with erythematous swelling on the right thumb with onychodystrophy and mild tenderness on the nail. Serological screening for syphilis showed increased titer for VDRL (1:16) and TPHA (+). After intramuscular treatments with benzathine penicillin G, the skin lesions on the scrotum cleared within 1 month and the nail dystrophy showed slight improvement.
Communicable Diseases ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; Ethylenediamines ; Hair ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Nails ; Penicillin G Benzathine ; Scrotum ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Syphilis ; Syphilis, Cutaneous ; Thumb ; Young Adult

Fulminant type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a distinct subtype of T1DM that is characterized by rapid onset hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, absolute insulin deficiency, and near normal levels of glycated hemoglobin at initial presentation. Although it has been reported that class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype is associated with fulminant T1DM, the genetic predisposition is not fully understood. In this study we investigated the HLA genotype and haplotype in 11 Korean cases of fulminant T1DM using imputation of whole exome sequencing data and compared its frequencies with 413 participants of the Korean Reference Panel. The HLA-DRB1*04:05-HLA-DQB1*04:01 haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of fulminant T1DM in Fisher's exact test (odds ratio [OR], 4.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56 to 10.86; p = 0.009). A histidine residue at HLA-DRbeta1 position 13 was marginally associated with increased risk of fulminant T1DM (OR, 2.45; 95% CI ,1.01 to 5.94; p = 0.054). Although we had limited statistical power, we provide evidence that HLA haplotype and amino acid change can be a genetic risk factor of fulminant T1DM in Koreans. Further large-scale research is required to confirm these findings.
Autoimmunity ; Exome ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype* ; Haplotypes ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Histidine ; HLA Antigens ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin ; Ketosis ; Leukocytes ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), life satisfaction, and their present awareness of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program in people with cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was completed by 53 patients (mean age, 65.7±11.6 years; 33 men and 20 women) with unstable angina, myocardial infarction, or heart failure. The questionnaire included the Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (MOS SF-36), life domain satisfaction measure (LDSM), and the awareness and degree of using CR program. RESULTS: The average scores of physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) were 47.7±18.5 and 56.5±19.5, respectively. There were significant differences in physical role (F=4.2, p=0.02), vitality (F=10.7, p<0.001), mental health (F=15.9, p<0.001), PCS (F=3.6, p=0.034), and MCS (F=11.9, p<0.001) between disease types. The average LDSM score was 4.7±1.5. Age and disease duration were negatively correlated with multiple HRQoL areas (p<0.05). Monthly income, ejection fraction, and LDSM were positively correlated with several MOS SF-36 factors (p<0.05). However, the number of modifiable risk factors had no significant correlation with medication. Thirty-seven subjects (69.8%) answered that they had not previously heard about CR program. Seventeen patients (32.1%) reported that they were actively participating in CR program. Most people said that a reasonable cost of CR was less than 100,000 Korean won per month. CONCLUSION: CR should focus on improving the physical components of quality of life. In addition, physicians should actively promote CR to cardiovascular disease patients to expand the reach of CR program.
Angina, Unstable ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Coronary Disease ; Health Surveys ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; Myocardial Infarction ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Quality of Life* ; Rehabilitation* ; Risk Factors

Objectives: . Our research group has previously demonstrated that hearing loss might be a risk factor for synaptic loss within the hippocampus and impairment of cognition using an animal model of Alzheimer disease. In this study, after inducing hearing loss in a rat model of Alzheimer disease, the associations of various microRNAs (miRNAs) with cognitive impairment were investigated. Methods: . Rats were divided randomly into two experimental groups: the control group, which underwent sham surgery and subthreshold amyloid-β infusion and the deaf group, which underwent bilateral cochlear ablation and subthreshold amyloid-β infusion. All rats completed several cognitive function assessments 11 weeks after surgery, including the object-in-place task (OPT), the novel object recognition task (NOR), the object location task (OLT), and the Y-maze test. After the rats completed these tests, hippocampus tissue samples were assessed using miRNA microarrays. Candidate miRNAs were selected based on the results and then validated with quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. Results: . The deaf group showed considerably lower scores on the OPT, OLT, and Y-maze test than the control group. The microarray analysis revealed that miR-29b-3p, -30e-5p, -153-3p, -376a-3p, -598-3p, -652-5p, and -873-3p were candidate miRNAs, and qRT-PCR showed significantly higher levels of miR-376a-3p and miR-598-3p in the deaf group. Conclusion . These results indicate that miR-376a-3p and miR-598-3p were related to cognitive impairment after hearing loss.

Invasive fungal infections caused by Cyberlindnera fabianii have recently increased. However, biochemical kits such as API 20 C AUX and Vitek-2C have misidentified this species as other Candida spp. such as C. pelliculosa or C. utilis due to no information of Cy. fabianii in yeast database. During our 2016–2017 surveys, eleven isolates of Cy. fabianii were obtained in International St. Mary's Hospital in Korea. Here, we describe its morphological and molecular characteristics and tested its antifungal susceptibility against nine antifungal agents. The sequences of the ITS region and the D1/D2 region of LSU revealed 100% identity with the sequences of Cy. fabianii. In comparison with the results from MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we found that Cy. fabianii can be distinguished from other species. In antifungal susceptibility test, voriconazole and echinocandins exhibited good antifungal activities against the majority of Cy. fabianii isolates despite the absence of standard criteria.