Background: Community acquired lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a leading cause for hospitalization in children and important cause for antibiotic prescription. We aimed to describe the aetiology of LRTI in children and analyse factors associated with bacterial or viral infection. Methods: Patients aged < 19 years with a diagnosis of LRTI were identified from the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model Database of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2005–July 2019, and their clinical characteristics were obtained from the electronic medical records and retrospectively reviewed. Results: Among 5,924 cases of LRTI, 74.2% were pneumonia and 25.8% were bronchiolitis/ bronchitis. Patients’ median age was 1.8 (interquartile range, 3.1) years and 79.9% were < 5 years old. Pathogens were identified in 37.8%; 69.1% were viral and 30.9% were bacterial/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Respiratory syncytial virus was most common (70.9%) among viruses and M. pneumoniae (94.6%) was most common among bacteria. Viral LRTI was associated with winter, age < 2 years, rhinorrhoea, dyspnoea, lymphocytosis, thrombocytosis, wheezing, stridor, chest retraction, and infiltration on imaging. Bacteria/ M. pneumoniae LRTI was associated with summer, age ≥ 2 years, fever, decreased breathing sounds, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, C-reactive protein elevation, and positive imaging findings (consolidation, opacity, haziness, or pleural effusion). Conclusion In children with LRTI, various factors associated with viral or bacterial/ M. pneumoniae infections were identified, which may serve as guidance for antibiotic prescription.

Background: Community acquired lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a leading cause for hospitalization in children and important cause for antibiotic prescription. We aimed to describe the aetiology of LRTI in children and analyse factors associated with bacterial or viral infection. Methods: Patients aged < 19 years with a diagnosis of LRTI were identified from the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model Database of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2005–July 2019, and their clinical characteristics were obtained from the electronic medical records and retrospectively reviewed. Results: Among 5,924 cases of LRTI, 74.2% were pneumonia and 25.8% were bronchiolitis/ bronchitis. Patients’ median age was 1.8 (interquartile range, 3.1) years and 79.9% were < 5 years old. Pathogens were identified in 37.8%; 69.1% were viral and 30.9% were bacterial/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Respiratory syncytial virus was most common (70.9%) among viruses and M. pneumoniae (94.6%) was most common among bacteria. Viral LRTI was associated with winter, age < 2 years, rhinorrhoea, dyspnoea, lymphocytosis, thrombocytosis, wheezing, stridor, chest retraction, and infiltration on imaging. Bacteria/ M. pneumoniae LRTI was associated with summer, age ≥ 2 years, fever, decreased breathing sounds, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, C-reactive protein elevation, and positive imaging findings (consolidation, opacity, haziness, or pleural effusion). Conclusion In children with LRTI, various factors associated with viral or bacterial/ M. pneumoniae infections were identified, which may serve as guidance for antibiotic prescription.

Background: Community acquired lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a leading cause for hospitalization in children and important cause for antibiotic prescription. We aimed to describe the aetiology of LRTI in children and analyse factors associated with bacterial or viral infection. Methods: Patients aged < 19 years with a diagnosis of LRTI were identified from the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model Database of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2005–July 2019, and their clinical characteristics were obtained from the electronic medical records and retrospectively reviewed. Results: Among 5,924 cases of LRTI, 74.2% were pneumonia and 25.8% were bronchiolitis/ bronchitis. Patients’ median age was 1.8 (interquartile range, 3.1) years and 79.9% were < 5 years old. Pathogens were identified in 37.8%; 69.1% were viral and 30.9% were bacterial/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Respiratory syncytial virus was most common (70.9%) among viruses and M. pneumoniae (94.6%) was most common among bacteria. Viral LRTI was associated with winter, age < 2 years, rhinorrhoea, dyspnoea, lymphocytosis, thrombocytosis, wheezing, stridor, chest retraction, and infiltration on imaging. Bacteria/ M. pneumoniae LRTI was associated with summer, age ≥ 2 years, fever, decreased breathing sounds, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, C-reactive protein elevation, and positive imaging findings (consolidation, opacity, haziness, or pleural effusion). Conclusion In children with LRTI, various factors associated with viral or bacterial/ M. pneumoniae infections were identified, which may serve as guidance for antibiotic prescription.

Background: Community acquired lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a leading cause for hospitalization in children and important cause for antibiotic prescription. We aimed to describe the aetiology of LRTI in children and analyse factors associated with bacterial or viral infection. Methods: Patients aged < 19 years with a diagnosis of LRTI were identified from the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model Database of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2005–July 2019, and their clinical characteristics were obtained from the electronic medical records and retrospectively reviewed. Results: Among 5,924 cases of LRTI, 74.2% were pneumonia and 25.8% were bronchiolitis/ bronchitis. Patients’ median age was 1.8 (interquartile range, 3.1) years and 79.9% were < 5 years old. Pathogens were identified in 37.8%; 69.1% were viral and 30.9% were bacterial/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Respiratory syncytial virus was most common (70.9%) among viruses and M. pneumoniae (94.6%) was most common among bacteria. Viral LRTI was associated with winter, age < 2 years, rhinorrhoea, dyspnoea, lymphocytosis, thrombocytosis, wheezing, stridor, chest retraction, and infiltration on imaging. Bacteria/ M. pneumoniae LRTI was associated with summer, age ≥ 2 years, fever, decreased breathing sounds, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, C-reactive protein elevation, and positive imaging findings (consolidation, opacity, haziness, or pleural effusion). Conclusion In children with LRTI, various factors associated with viral or bacterial/ M. pneumoniae infections were identified, which may serve as guidance for antibiotic prescription.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of treatment programs for children with reading (RD) or mathematics disorders (MD). Structured treatment programs were developed to improve phonological awareness and number sense among children and adolescents with RD or MD, respectively, and the effectiveness of the learning disorder treatment programs were evaluated. Methods: We used standardized, objective diagnostic, and evaluation tools not only to recruit participants with RD, MD, or comorbid attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, but also to assess the effectiveness of the treatments regarding both improved core neurocognitive deficits of RD or MD and academic achievement. Forty children with RD or MD received one-on-one treatments from therapists. Results: In the RD group, treatment effects were observed in all subtests. In the word and paragraph reading tests, the accuracy rates and fluency improved. The results of the phonological working memory test, word–sound correspondence test, and rapid automatic naming tests also improved. In the MD group, the accuracy rate and fluency on the arithmetic test improved. An increase in the accuracy rate in the size and distance comparison tests and a decrease in the error rate in the estimation test were also observed. However, there were no improvements in reaction time in these subtests. Conclusion Learning disorder treatment programs that focus on improving phonological awareness or number sense in children with RD or MD improved achievement, phonological awareness, and number sense.

Objectives: This study verified the diagnostic validity of the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: A total of 336 participants were recruited in this study, including 168 patients with ADHD and 168 control group participants who were one-to-one matched for sex and age. We measured selective attention (visual and auditory), sustained attention, interferenceselective attention, divided attention, and working memory in the ADHD and control groups using the CAT. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the CAT were calculated. Results: In this study, it was found that the sensitivity and specificity of the CAT were 0.879 and 0.846 in children, 0.855 and 0.838 in adolescents, and 0.800 and 0.733 in adults, respectively. Conclusion These results indicate that the CAT has a high diagnostic validity for ADHD from childhood to adulthood.

Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been acknowledged as an effective mean of preventing infection and hospitalization.However, the emergence of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) has led to substantial increase in infections among children and adolescents. Vaccineinduced immunity and longevity have not been well defined in this population. Therefore, we aimed to analyze humoral and cellular immune responses against ancestral and SARSCoV-2 variants after two shots of the BNT162b2 vaccine in healthy adolescents. Although vaccination induced a robust increase of spike-specific binding Abs and neutralizing Abs against the ancestral and SARS-CoV-2 variants, the neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant was significantly low. On the contrary, vaccine-induced memory CD4+ T cells exhibited substantial responses against both ancestral and Omicron spike proteins.Notably, CD4+ T cell responses against both ancestral and Omicron strains were preserved at 3 months after two shots of the BNT162b2 vaccine without waning. Polyfunctionality of vaccine-induced memory T cells was also preserved in response to Omicron spike protein.The present findings characterize the protective immunity of vaccination for adolescents in the era of continuous emergence of variants/subvariants.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a sleep clinic. Methods: We used a retrospective review of 77 subjects with suspected OSA to conduct a secondary analysis of a previously published sleep study. A total of 77 subjects attended and completed overnight, in-laboratory polysomnography. Subjects completed the standard BQ in the evening just before the sleep study. Results: The mean age of 77 subjects was 49.94±15.78 years, of which 37 (48.1%) were male and 42 (63.7%) were white. Forty-six subjects (59.7%) were diagnosed with OSA through polysomnography. In the analysis of each item of the standard BQ, the sensitivity ranged from 4.6% to 92.5%, and the specificity ranged from 13.3% to 85.7%. For item 8, the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were 4.6%, 84.9%, 0.3, and 1.1, respectively. The area under the curve values of the standard BQ and after deleting item 8 were 0.634 and 0.751, respectively. When item 8 was deleted and each item on the standard BQ was calculated as one point, the cutoff values representing the highest Yuden index were 3.5 and 4.5. Conclusions A modified BQ that selects four different questions for each subject, regardless of the number of positive categories in the standard BQ, will provide improved accuracy in screening subjects with a high likelihood of having OSA.

Objectives: This study investigated the effectiveness of the intervention program for elementary school students with reading disorders. Methods: The intervention program focused on phonological awareness, phonics, and decoding training applied individually to 25 children with a reading disorder by the teachers in charge for four months. To measure the efficacy, this study evaluated the word reading accuracy, fluency, and the related cognitive functions, including phonemic awareness, phonics, and rapid automatized naming using the Computerized Comprehensive Learning Test-Reading before and after the program. Results: After the intervention, improvements were observed in the following: the reading fluency score and fluency percentile in the word attack test; reading accuracy rate, fluency score, and fluency percentile in the nonword decoding test; fluency score and fluency percentile in the rapid automatized naming tests; accuracy rate in the letter-sound matching test; accuracy rate in the nonword repetition test. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the paragraph reading fluency test. According to the subtypes of reading disabilities, children with dyslexic or mixed types improved after the intervention. Conclusion Reading accuracy and fluency of school-aged children with reading disorders improved through the intervention program by the schoolteachers.

Objectives: This study investigated the effectiveness of the intervention program for elementary school students with reading disorders. Methods: The intervention program focused on phonological awareness, phonics, and decoding training applied individually to 25 children with a reading disorder by the teachers in charge for four months. To measure the efficacy, this study evaluated the word reading accuracy, fluency, and the related cognitive functions, including phonemic awareness, phonics, and rapid automatized naming using the Computerized Comprehensive Learning Test-Reading before and after the program. Results: After the intervention, improvements were observed in the following: the reading fluency score and fluency percentile in the word attack test; reading accuracy rate, fluency score, and fluency percentile in the nonword decoding test; fluency score and fluency percentile in the rapid automatized naming tests; accuracy rate in the letter-sound matching test; accuracy rate in the nonword repetition test. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the paragraph reading fluency test. According to the subtypes of reading disabilities, children with dyslexic or mixed types improved after the intervention. Conclusion Reading accuracy and fluency of school-aged children with reading disorders improved through the intervention program by the schoolteachers.