Sleep is associated with definite changes in respiratory function in normal human beings. During sleep, there is loss of voluntary control of breathing and a decrease in the usual ventilatory response to both low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels. Especially, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct neurophysiological state associated with significant changes in breathing pattern and ventilatory control as compared with both wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by erratic, shallow breathing with irregularities both in amplitude and frequency owing to marked reduction in intercostal and upper airway muscle activity. These blunted ventilatory responses during sleep are clinically important. They permit the marked hypoxemia that occurs during REM sleep in patients with lung or chest wall disease. In addition, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is more frequent and longer and hypoventilation is more pronounced during REM sleep. Although apneic episodes are most frequent and severe during REM sleep, most adults spend less than 20% to 25% of total sleep time in REM. It is therefore possible for patients to have frequent apneas and hypopneas during REM sleep and still have a normal apnea-hypopnea index if the event-rich REM periods are diluted by event-poor periods of NREM sleep. In this review, we address respiratory physiology according to sleep stage, and the clinical implications of SDB and hypoventilation aggravated during REM sleep.
Adult ; Anoxia ; Apnea ; Carbon Dioxide ; Eye Movements ; Humans ; Hypoventilation ; Lung ; Oxygen ; Respiration ; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes* ; Sleep Stages ; Sleep, REM ; Thoracic Wall ; Wakefulness

BACKGROUND: The aims of the study are to investigate the present state of occupational health management (OHM) in small enterprises, to explore the related factors, and to provide the information for effective policy of OHM in those enterprises. METHODS: The study subjects were 155 small enterprises that had referred the measurement of workplace hazards to a hospital at the East Seoul, Korea. Self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted by Fax. The contents of the survey were present state of OHM and related factors. RESULTS: 1. The characteristics of OHM in charge were as follows; among the health manager (1) 81.9% had the high authority, (2) 63.2% could explain workplace hazard, (3) 52.9% had outside professional education, (4) 49.7% recognized the need for occupational health, and (5) 67.7% had pragmatic perspective on workers' health protection. 2. The occupational health activities that showed higher performance rate were as follows; periodic health examination (86.5%), measurement of workplace hazard (92.9%). The occupational health activities that showed lower performance rate were as follows; appointment of emergency hospital (26.5%), replacement health examination (18.1%), health education (30.0%), health promotion (23.3%), preparation of health statistics (14.8%), planning health management (9.7%) 3. As results of multiple logistic regression analysis, the factors associated with the higher activity of occupational health were longer duration(more than 5 years) of health manager in charge(OR=2.41), pragmatic perspective on workers' health protection (OR=3.79), experience of outside professional education (OR=2.40), repair of automobiles(OR=3.31), workplace that employed more than 10 workers (OR=4.02), history of workers' compensation (OR=8.05), employers' high concern (OR=4.61). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that interest of employers and appointment of suitable health manager in charge were important, and minimum regulations and the development of occupational health program integrated with promoting productivity are required to activate occupational health in small enterprise
Education, Professional ; Efficiency ; Emergencies ; Health Education ; Health Promotion ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Occupational Health ; Seoul ; Social Control, Formal ; Workers' Compensation ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Purpose: With increased time spent at home due to prolonged online classes, this study sought to determine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the mukbang- and cookbang-watching patterns and dietary life of college students. Methods: All students majoring in food and nutrition (FN) at a college in Gyeonggi, Korea, participated in the survey in April 2019 (M/F = 36/106) and June 2020 (M/F -37/130) and data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Results: Compared to students responding in 2019, those in 2020 reported more frequently eating alone (p < 0.01) and cooking (p < 0.01), and evaluated their diets better regarding pleasant mealtimes atmosphere (p < 0.05), moderation in drinking (p < 0.05), and not consuming excessively delivery foods (p < 0.001), processed foods (p < 0.01), foods with animal fat (p < 0.01), salty foods (p < 0.01), and sweets (p < 0.01). Although the proportion of respondents who answered that they watched mukbang and cookbang at least occasionally did not change, greater proportions of respondents reported watching both genres frequently (p < 0.001, respectively) and spending less time/day in watching mukbang (p < 0.05) in 2020 vs. 2019. While they evaluated the effect of mukbang- and cookbang-watching on overall diet similarly, the proportion of respondents that reported feeling as though mukbang-watching prompted them to eat more of less-desirable foods decreased from 54.3% to 41.5% (p < 0.05).Diet improvement of participants due to COVID-19 resulted in that the association between frequent mukbang-watching and unhealthier dietary habits in 2019 was not shown in 2020. Conclusion Our results suggest that the prolonged at-home stays due to COVID-19 might have improved many aspects of diet and decreased undesirable effect of frequent mukbangwatching in case of college students majoring in FN.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: As watching food-related programs has become very popular among the young generation in Korea, this study sought to compare the Mukbang- and Cookbang-watching status of university students with their dietary life. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The participants were 380 students who were not majoring in food and nutrition at a university in Gyeonggi, Korea. Based on self- reports, the participants were grouped according to their frequency of watching Mukbang or Cookbang: frequent-watching (FW) 21.1% and 5.3%, respectively; moderate-watching (MW) 43.9% and 27.9%, respectively; and not-watching (NW) 35.0% and 66.8% respectively. RESULTS: In the FW group, up to 88.8% and 70.0% of participants reported watching Mukbang and Cookbang, respectively, ≥ 3 days/week. Almost all participants in the FW and MW groups reported intention to keep watching these shows. The most frequent watching route was “YouTube” and the most important criterion to select a program was “food". In the case of Mukbang, but not Cookbang, the participants in the FW group scored their diet significantly worse than those in the NW group (P < 0.05). A greater proportion of participants felt that watching Cookbang improved their diets rather than worsened them (14.3% vs. 0.8%, respectively), while more participants said that watching Mukbang worsened their diets rather than improved them (8.1% vs. 2.4%, respectively). In both cases, greater differences were shown in the FW groups compared to the MW groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 for Cookbang and Mukbang, respectively). Moreover, the participants answered that Mukbang-watching prompted them to eat more of less desirable food, such as through eating out and purchasing convenient and delivered foods, whereas Cookbang-watching made them want to cook more of their own food. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that Korean university students who frequently watch Mukbang, but not Cookbang, may be a nutritionally vulnerable group that needs attention.

No abstract available.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bites and Stings ; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pasteurella/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Pasteurella Infections/*diagnosis/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soft Tissue Infections/*diagnosis/microbiology

Purpose: This study compares the snacking pattern, diet, lifestyle, and food preference of children by evaluating the most frequently eaten snacks. Methods: The survey enrolled 435 students from three elementary schools in Gyeonggi. Based on the most frequently eaten snacks, the subjects were divided into 3 groups: fruits and milk/dairy products for natural snacks (NS, n = 114); noodles, snack foods and fast foods for meal-like snacks (MS, n = 74); cookies, beverages and bread as sweet snacks (SS, n = 247). Results: Compared to the MS group, preferences of the NS group were significantly higher for jabgokbap (cooked rice with multi-grains, p < 0.05) and saengchae (seasoned raw vegetables, p < 0.01), and significantly lower for gogitwigim (deep-fried meat, p < 0.05). Taste preference of the NS group was considered to be more desirable; the taste preference of more subjects was ‘sweet taste’ in the SS group, ‘spicy taste’ in the MS group, ‘salty taste’ in the MS and SS groups, and ‘sour taste’ and ‘bland taste’ in the NS group than the other groups. Compared tothe MS and SS groups, the NS group was determined to exercise more frequently; exercising for more than 30 minutes/day was determined to be 76.3% in the NS group and 58.1% and 57.9% in the other groups (p < 0.01). Moreover, a higher proportion of subjects in the MS group tended to answer ‘not hungry’ as the reason for leaving school meals, as compared to other groups (p = 0.055), thereby suggesting that inappropriate snacking habits interfere with regular meals. Conclusion This study provides evidence that healthy snacking habits, which include natural snacks such as milk/dairy products and fruits, are important for children during the elementary school years, since these habits are associated with healthier diet, lifestyle, and food and taste preferences. These results provide basic information for developing nutritional education materials for elementary school children.

The combination of central nervous system abnormalities and renal impairment is a notable characteristic of GallowayMowat syndrome (GAMOS), a disease which often accompanies microcephaly, developmental delay, and nephrotic syndrome. Many subtypes exist having various phenotypes and genotypes, and many genetic causes are still being identified.An 18-month-old boy first visited our clinic for seizure, delayed development, and microcephaly. During follow-up visits he developed proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome at the age of 6. Nephrotic syndrome became refractory to treatment. These phenotypes were suggestive of GAMOS. Next generation sequencing was performed for genetic analysis and revealed novel compound heterozygous variants in the WDR4 gene: c.494G>A (p.Arg165Gln) and c.540C>G (p.Ile180Met). This is the first case in Korea of GAMOS involving the WDR4 gene.

The aim of this study is to verify the feasibility of control of one-dimensional (1-D) rotating machine using neural activities of Prefrontal cortex (PFC) in a BCI system. In this study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral implantation of recording micro-electrodes in PFC area. The spontaneous activities of a pair of PFC neurons of water-deprived rats were encoded and converted through a triple-step threshold comparator algorithm to three commands for one-dimensional movement control of a robotic wheel for accessing water. Averaged activities of two PFC neurons were quantized in every 200 ms to four ranges of activities around the mean firing rates (+/-0.5 SD) and were converted to four values. After comparison of the values of two chosen neuron units, direction and speed of rotation were decided. Rats were trained to complete one-dimensional control task to obtain water reward. The results indicated the percentage of stop event increased alone with more training. Different brain activity significantly influenced total water-drinking duration and non-water-drinking duration. Events generated from neuronal activity differed according to variant experimental sessions. Correlation between two signal units impacted controlling performance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that rats were able to manipulate the 1-D BCI system by differentially modulating PFC single neuron activities according to different circumstances.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Fires ; Humans ; Male ; Neurons ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reward ; Water

PURPOSE: Pleural effusions are recognised complications of mycoplasmal, tuberculous, and parapneumonic infections. Tuberculosis is still a common infectious disease in Korea, but the difficulty is that this disease is initially difficult to discriminat from common community-acquired pneumonia. It makes immediate diagnosis and proper treatment difficult. We investigate the common characteristics of pleural fluid and blood in mycoplasmal and tuberculous pleural effusions. METHODS: A retrospective clinical study was performed with four different patients groups. A total of 70 patients with pleural effusions were included: 7 with tuberculous pleural effusions, 34 with mycoplasmal pleural effusions, 8 with malignant pleural effusions, and 21 with other infectious pleural effusions. RESULTS: Glucose and pH levels of pleural effusions in other infectious pleural effusions were significantly lower than in the other groups. (P< 0.01) Proportions of lymphocytes of pleural effusions in tuberculous pleural effusions were significantly higher than in the other groups. (P< 0.01) ADA levels of pleural effusions were not statistically different in the four disease groups. (P=0.303) Protein levels of blood in mycoplasmal pleural effusions were significantly lower than in the other groups. (P< 0.05) Albumin levels of blood in other infectious pleural effusions were significantly lower than in the other groups. (P< 0.05) LDH levels of blood in tuberculous pleural effusions were significantly higher than in the other groups. (P< 0.05) CONCLUSION: Our results show that ADA levels cannot be very valuable as diagnostic markers of tuberculous pleural effusions. More prospective and serial studies combined with PPD skin tests are required to prove correct and rapid diagnoses of tuberculous pleural effusions.
Communicable Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Lymphocytes ; Mycoplasma ; Pleural Effusion* ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant ; Pneumonia ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin Tests ; Tuberculosis