This study was performed to determine lunch eating patterns and compare dietary habits among university students according to major lunch place. The subjects were 800 students from a university in Gyeonggi-do, and information was obtained by self-administered questionnaire. Data were compared among groups according to major lunch place (school cafeteria n=236, off-campus private restaurant n=73, on-campus private food shop n=134, delivery food n=119, convenient store n=238). Compared to male students, more female students ate at convenient stores (37.8% vs. 17.5%, respectively) while less ate at school cafeterias as the major lunch place. The on-campus private food shop group (19.1 year) were younger than the other groups (20.4∼20.8 year). Dietary habits were significantly better in the school cafeteria group (65.55 out of 100) than in the other groups (60.33∼62.66) (P<0.01). However, the satisfaction with school cafeterias was significantly lower than those with the other lunch places (P<0.01), and the most frequently answered reason for dissatisfaction was "not taste good" (51.0%). Despite having the lowest satisfaction among the five lunch places, eating at school cafeterias may be associated with better dietary habits in university students. Therefore, this study is able to provide basis for encouraging school cafeteria utilization for university students and for strategy development to improve university students' lunches.
Eating* ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Lunch* ; Male ; Restaurants

Lately, both the frontalis muscle flap transposition and the frontalis myofascial advancement flap have been used mainly for the correction of blepharoptosis with poor levator function. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to know the functional differences of these two methods by objective method. During the past 16 years, the 43 patients, aged 5 to 68 years(mean 32.4 years) have been undergone the tripartite frontalis muscle flap transposition(unilateral 16 patients; bilatral 12 patients, 24 eyelids) and the frontalis myofascial advancement flap(unilateral 8 patients; bilateral 7 patients, 14 eyelids). To compare these two methods, this study was done with the anthropometry using photogrammetric analysis with an average follow-up of 5.5 years. Ptosis ratio on the primary gaze and the upward gaze, and the height of palpebral fissure on the downward gaze and the closing eyes were measured. The results were statistically analysed using Wilcoxon signed ranks test. In conclusion, there is no difference on the primary gaze, the downward gaze, and the closing eyes between the tripartite frontalis muscle flap transposition and the frontalis myofascial advancement flap, but ptosis degree on the upward gaze was less severe in the tripartite frontalis muscle flap transposition. This difference may result from disparity in contractile power of the frontalis muscle due to not only anatomical structure but also size of the flap. Second, the orbicularis oculi muscle is atropied by denervation of the temporal branch of the facial nerve in frontalis myofascial advancement flap.
Anthropometry ; Blepharoptosis* ; Denervation ; Facial Nerve ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans

Background: Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are thought to modify systemic inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between PUFA intake, lung function, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: In this study, we used the dataset of 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in which, a total of 22,948 individuals including 573 participants with a high probability of developing COPD were enrolled. Participants with missing data for the investigated variables were excluded. Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between PUFA intake (omega-3 [N3], omega-6 [N6], and total) with lung function, and HRQoL. HRQoL was determined according to the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D). Subgroup analysis of older patients was performed. Age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, education, residence, total calorie intake, and predicted FEV1% were adjusted in all analyses. Results: Although lung function was not associated with PUFA intake, EQ-5D index was remarkably associated with N3, N6, and total PUFA intake in a dose-dependent manner. This association was more pronounced in elderly COPD patients. Mean levels of N3, N6, and total PUFA intake were significantly higher in patients having better HRQoL with respect to mobility, self-care, and usual activities. Conclusion Our results suggest that N3, N6, and total PUFA intake are associated with HRQoL in COPD patients. This association may be attributed to mobility, self-care, and usual activities. Further longitudinal study is required to clarify this relationship.

Purpose: Sitting time, smoking, and perceived stress strongly influence physical health independent of physical activity. However, the associations among perceived stress, sedentary behavior, and smoking are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the relationships between sitting time, smoking, and perceived stress in Korean adults aged < 65 years. Methods: We analyzed data from the seventh National Health and Nutrition Survey. In this cross-sectional study, data from 6,890 Korean adults aged < 65 years were analyzed. Complex-sample logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between sitting time, smoking, and perceived stress. Results: The group with a high sitting time (≥ 8 h/day) and those who smoked had significantly higher odds of experiencing stress than the low sitting time (< 8 h/day) and non-smoking groups (odds ratio: 1.88, 95% confidence interval: 1.42-2.50). Conclusion Perceived stress was positively correlated with current smoking status and increased sitting time. High sitting time (≥ 8 h/day) and current smoking were associated with a higher risk of perceived stress in Korean adults aged < 65 years.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, a rapidly advancing genome editing technology, allows DNA alterations into the genome of organisms. Gene editing using the CRISPR system enables more precise and diverse editing, such as single nucleotide conversion, precise knock-in of target sequences or genes, chromosomal rearrangement, or gene disruption by simple cutting. Moreover, CRISPR systems comprising transcriptional activators/repressors can be used for epigenetic regulation without DNA damage. Stem cell DNA engineering based on gene editing tools has enormous potential to provide clues regarding the pathogenesis of diseases and to study the mechanisms and treatments of incurable diseases. Here, we review the latest trends in stem cell research using various CRISPR/Cas technologies and discuss their future prospects in treating various diseases.

OBJECTIVES: Experience of early childhood abuse elevates the risk of developing schizophrenia in later period of life, incidence of psychiatric comorbidity, symptomatic severity and complexity. In this context, we hypothesized that the pattern of psychotropic medication used would reflect this; those with childhood trauma will received more types and higher doses of psychotropic medication. METHODS: From our database of 102 outpatients diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) schizophrenia, we analyzed experiences of childhood trauma measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and types and dose of prescribed psychotropic medication. RESULTS: We found significant positive correlations between child sexual abuse and the number of psychotropic medications (p = 0.029) and between child emotional neglect and the number of psychotropic medications other than antipsychotics (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggests that the pattern of psychotropic use may be affected by types of childhood trauma. Further studies will have to shed light on mediating factors such as symptoms or comorbid conditions that lead to prescription of certain psychotropic class.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Child ; Child Abuse ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; Comorbidity ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Incidence ; Negotiating ; Outpatients ; Prescriptions ; Schizophrenia*

Background: Although the field of psychology currently recommends trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for early psychological intervention for acute traumatic stress, additional research is required for safe and efficient psychotherapy that can delivered to a broader population and within a brief period of time. Methods: This pilot study examined the safety and feasibility of a single-session group stabilization intervention for individuals conducted at an average of two weeks after various types of traumatic events. Further development of DSM-5 mental disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and others, was assessed at the six-month follow-up. A total of 38 participants with acute stress symptoms participated in a single-session 90-minute group psychotherapy, which consists of psychoeducation; identification of and coping with triggers; somatosensory grounding; and containment exercise. Results: After six months, follow-up was conducted on 34 (89.5%) patients, who completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Mental Disorders and the PTSD Checklist-5. One (2.9%) participant met the current diagnosis of PTSD, whereas none met any other psychiatric diagnoses. A significant decrease was noted in PTSD scores between baseline and follow-up (t=7.4, df=33, p<0.001, Cohen’s d=1.27) measured using the PTSD Checklist-5. Conclusion The finding suggests that a single stabilization session can be used in a safe and efficient manner at of the acute stage of trauma.

Background: The prevalence of depression is much higher in people with chronic disease than in the general population. Depression exacerbates existing physical conditions, resulting in a higher-than-expected death rate from the physical condition itself. In our aging society, the prevalence of multimorbid patients is expected to increase; the resulting mental problems, especially depression, should be considered. Using a large-scale cohort from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), we analyzed the combined effects of depression and chronic disease on all-cause mortality. Methods: We analyzed 10-year (2006–2016) longitudinal data of 9,819 individuals who took part in the KLoSA, a nationwide survey of people aged 45–79 years. We examined the association between multimorbidity and depression using chi-square test and logistic regression. We used the Cox proportional hazard model to determine the combined effects of multimorbidity and depression on the all-cause mortality risk. Results: During the 10-year follow up, 1,574 people (16.0%) died. The hazard ratio associated with mild depression increased from 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.73) for no chronic disease to 1.25 (95% CI, 0.98–1.60) for 1 chronic disease, and to 2.00 (95% CI, 1.58–2.52) for multimorbidity. The hazard ratio associated with severe depression increased from 1.73 (95% CI, 1.33–2.24) for no chronic disease, to 2.03 (95% CI, 1.60–2.57) for 1 chronic disease, and to 2.94 (95% CI, 2.37–3.65) for multimorbidity. Conclusion Patients with coexisting multimorbidity and depression are at an increased risk of all-cause mortality than those with chronic disease or depression alone.