PURPOSE: To identify the factors associated with vision screening in children. METHODS: This study included 4,827 young children 3-11 years of age who answered the question "Has [name] ever had an eye examination (vision screening) in the past year?" from The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2012 (KNHANES). The trained interviewer asked the questions to a member of the household familiar with the study participant. The factors related to vision screening were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The rate of vision screening gradually increased with age in young children between 3 (25.8%) and 11 years of age (72.5%). Regarding the rate by region, Busan had the highest rate (63.5%), followed by Daegu (62.2%) and Seoul (59.9%). Chungnam had the lowest rate (43.2%), followed by Chonbuk (44.6%) and Chonnam (44.9%). Higher income was associated with increased screening rate with marginal statistical significance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.5 for 3rd quartile, 95% confidential interval [CI], 1.0-2.4 versus 1st quartile as a reference group). Households with 5 or more members were less likely to receive vision screening compared to households with 1 child (aOR=0.6, 95% CI, 0.4-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of vision screening differed according to age group (25.8-72.5%) and region (43.2-63.5%). Regional disparity, low household income and large number of household members were barriers for vision screening in Korean children.
Busan ; Child* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Daegu ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Jeollanam-do ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Odds Ratio ; Seoul ; Vision Screening*

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the safety zone for Achilles tendon insertion in the posterior aspect of the calcaneus via the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when planning for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 95 patients. The MRI of midsagittal plane of the ankle joint was used to measure the proximal and distal insertion point for the Achilles tendon in the posterior aspect of the calcaneus. Patients were divided into three groups according to the proportion of the distal insertion point out of the entire calcaneal length: the proximal, middle, and distal insertion groups. RESULTS: The mean proximal and distal insertion points for the Achilles tendon were measured as 1.05 cm (0~2.11 cm) and 2.36 cm (1.60~2.93 cm), respectively. When the posterior aspect of the calcaneus was used as the reference plane, none of the patients was in the proximal insertion group, while 75 and 20 patients were in the middle and distal insertion groups, respectively. The insertion portion was longer in the distal insertion group (1.47±0.25 cm) than in the middle insertion group (1.27±0.35 cm). Statistically significant differences with respect to the length of the insertion portion were observed between the two groups (p=0.008). CONCLUSION: Removal of more than 1 cm below the superior margin of the posterior calcaneus may be dangerous. An MRI study on the Achilles tendon of patients without hindfoot deformity or tendinopathy revealed various insertional characteristics. Preoperative MRI evaluation is safer than relying solely on the simple radiological assessment when planning for insertional Achilles tendinopathy.
Achilles Tendon* ; Adult* ; Ankle Joint ; Calcaneus* ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Tendinopathy

Purpose: To report incidence rates of primary congenital glaucoma in Korea and evaluate comorbidity and mortality from 2001 to 2015. Methods: This study is a nationwide and retrospective population-based study. We used claims data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database between 2001 and 2015. Data for all patients diagnosed with primary congenital glaucoma were retrieved using the Korean Electronic Data Interchange and Korean Standard Classification of Diseases-6 codes. Results: The number of patients with primary congenital glaucoma between 2001 and 2015 was 776, of which 437 were male (56.31%) and 339 were female (43.69%). The annual prevalence demonstrated a general decreasing trend since 2011, but this was not significant. Over the total survey period, the incidence rate was 11.0 per 100,000 births, with 12.0 cases among males and 10.0 among females. The incidence according to age was 518 (68.78%) patients at age 0, 112 (13.66%) at 1year, 70 (8.39%) at 2 years, and 76 (9.17%) at 3 years. Of the 776 patients diagnosed with primary congenital glaucoma in the study population, 27 died. The observed mortality per 100,000 people is about 10 times higher than that of the general infant and child population under the age of 4 years. Visual impairment was the most common accompanying disability, followed by brain lesion. Conclusions Our study’s estimates of the nationwide population-based incidence of primary congenital glaucoma in a Korean population will expand our understanding of the disease and allow healthcare systems to plan for primary congenital glaucoma.