OBJECTIVE: Pain that occurs following gynecological laparoscopic surgery is a main cause for prolonged hospitalization. As a solution, various intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) systems have been used to control postoperative pain. This study explored the relationship between the dose of the ramosetron used to control postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and its effect when oxycodone was used as the IV PCA. METHODS: Ninety-two patients (age, 18–70 years) undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery received oxycodone as IV PCA and were divided into the RB and RM group. Towards the end of surgery, the RB group patients were given 0.3 mg ramosetron as an IV bolus, and those in the RM group were given 0.3 mg ramosetron plus and additional 0.6 mg as IV PCA. The degree of PONV, postoperative pain, and pain felt during coughing were observed for 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Patient satisfaction and comfort were assessed at 24 and 48 hours. RESULTS: No differences in operation time, anesthesia period, or amounts of propofol and remifentanil used were observed between the groups. IV PCA demand, severity of PONV, postoperative pain, and coughing pain were also similar between the groups. Patient comfort was similar between the groups at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. CONCLUSION: No difference in the incidence of PONV was detected between patients who used only 0.3 mg ramosetron as an intravenous bolus and those who received an additional 0.6 mg ramosetron mixed in IV PCA when oxycodone was offered as the IV PCA after undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery.
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled* ; Anesthesia ; Antiemetics ; Cough ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laparoscopy* ; Nausea ; Oxycodone ; Pain, Postoperative ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Patient Satisfaction ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting* ; Propofol

Percutaneous arterial catheterization is a widely used technique for continuous hemodynamic monitoring and arterial blood gas analysis. There are various complications such as hemorrhage, hematoma, infection, and thrombosis. We performed a catheterization procedure to confirm that the lateral circulation of the radial artery was sufficient. The arterial blood pressure waveform was damped after catheterization. Immediately after removal of the catheter, ultrasonography and Doppler were used to confirm the formation of total thrombus in the radial artery. A thrombus was found in the radial artery and disappeared at 3 days postoperatively.
Arterial Pressure ; Arteries* ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Catheterization* ; Catheters ; Hematoma ; Hemodynamics ; Hemorrhage ; Radial Artery* ; Thrombosis ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Head lift (HL) for 5 seconds and tongue depressor (TD) test have been used for diagnosis of the residual block after using the nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. We investigated validity and reliability of HL, TD, and both of them (HLTD). METHODS: Four-hundred-thirteen patients were enrolled in this study. Neuromuscular blockade was maintained with rocuronium and reversed with pyridostigmine and glycopyrrolate. TOF ratio was quantified by acceleromyograph in the recovery room. HL and TD test were performed in the patients who could respond to verbal command of the investigator. We analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, positive and negative likelihood ratio, area under the cure (AUC) from ROC analysis and kappa statistics. RESULTS: Prevalences of residual block were 13%, 32% and 78% at 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0 of TOF ratio cutoff value, respectively. Specificity was good for HL (79.7-86.8%), TD (94.2-97.8%) and HLTD (77.8-85.7%), but sensitivity was not. Positive predictive value was higher in TD than HL and HLTD, and negative predictive value was similar among them. Positive and negative likelihood ratio was higher in TD than HL and HLTD. AUC had no difference among HL, TD and LTD. Kappa statistics were showed minimal or moderate relationship between clinical test and train of four responses. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that HL, TD and HLTD were not good tools for diagnosis of the residual block in a view of validity and reliability.
Androstanols ; Area Under Curve ; Glycopyrrolate ; Head ; Humans ; Muscles ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Prevalence ; Pyridostigmine Bromide ; Recovery Room ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Personnel ; ROC Curve ; Tongue

BACKGROUND: The Masimo Radical 7 (Masimo Corp., Irvine, CA, USA) pulse co-oximeter(R) noninvasively determines the hemoglobin concentration using the principle of transcutaneous spectrophotometry. We compared hemoglobin levels determined using this device (SpHb) with those determined using an invasive laboratory-based technique (tHb) during spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty patients received spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. The pulse co-oximeter probe was mounted on the second toe, and arterial blood samples were obtained from a radial artery catheter. SpHb, tHb, and perfusion index (PI) values were recorded before and 20 and 40 min after intrathecal injection of bupivacaine. RESULTS: Before spinal anesthesia, the SpHb and tHb showed a significant difference of -2.86 +/- 1.56 g/dl (P < 0.005), but no significant differences were found between tHb and SpHb at 20 and 40 min after spinal anesthesia (-0.16 +/- 2.45 g/dl and 0.29 +/- 2.68 g/dl). Additionally, PI was significantly increased at 20 and 40 min after spinal anesthesia compared to the pre-anesthetic value (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The toe is not the monitoring site for pulse co-oximetry in adult patients, but the pulse co-oximetry on the toe appears to be appropriate as a noninvasive hemoglobin monitoring device after spinal anesthesia.
Adult ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Bupivacaine ; Catheters ; Humans ; Injections, Spinal ; Perfusion ; Radial Artery ; Spectrophotometry ; Toes

We have corrected the subject area.

BACKGROUND: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) disease has many symptoms such as globus pharyngeus, excessive throat clearing and hoarseness. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) in addition to proton pump inhibitors (PPI) on LPR. METHODS: Fifty patients complaining of more than 3 typical LPR symptoms for over 3 months were enrolled in the study. The P group took PPI for 8 weeks. The SP group took PPI and interwent a series of 8 SGB procedure once a week during the period of treatment. The blocks were performed one at a time unilaterally on the right and left stellate ganglions by injecting 1% mepivacaine 6 ml. We evaluated the reflux symptom index (RSI) before treatment and following 4 weeks and 8 weeks of treatment in both groups. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, the RSI of the P group decreased, but not significantly, to 16.6 +/- 6.8 compared with the baseline value of 19.2 +/- 2.7 (P = 0.093), whereas the RSI of the SP group decreased significantly to 9.8 +/- 3.3 compared with the baseline value of 19.0 +/- 4.7 (P = 0.000). After 8 weeks of treatment, the RSI of the P group decreased significantly to 13.7 +/- 6.7 (P = 0.001) and the RSI of the SP group also decreased significantly to 7.7 +/- 3.4 (P = 0.000). There were significant differences in the RSI between the two groups after 4 weeks (P = 0.000) and 8 weeks (P = 0.001) of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms of LPR improved earlier when PPI therapy was combined with SGB compared with PPI therapy alone.
Hoarseness ; Humans ; Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ; Mepivacaine ; Pharynx ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; Stellate Ganglion

PURPOSE: This study set out to identify the association between the intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations and postoperative pain by dividing the participants into a control group and 2 experimental groups receiving irrigation (1 L and 2 L), and directly measuring their intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations with a CO₂ gas detector. METHODS: A total of 101 patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I and II patients aged 18–65 years were enrolled in the study. Group 1 did not receive irrigation with normal saline, while groups 2 and 3 were administered irrigation with 1 L and 2 L of normal saline, respectively, after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations were measured with a CO₂ gas detector through the port, and postoperative pain was assessed on a visual analogue scale at 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: The intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations were 1,016.0 ± 960.3 ppm in group 1, 524.5 ± 383.2 ppm in group 2, and 362.2 ± 293.6 ppm in group 3, showing significantly lower concentrations in groups 2 and 3. Postoperative pain was significantly lower in group 3 at 6 hours after surgery, and in groups 2 and 3 at 12 hours after the surgery. However, there was no significant difference between the 3 groups in postoperative pain 24 hours after the surgery. CONCLUSION: This study found a causal relationship between the amount of normal saline used for irrigation and the intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations in that irrigation with normal saline reduces pain on the day of the surgery.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Classification ; Humans ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Saline Waters

BACKGROUND: We planned to compare the effect of intravenous oxycodone and fentanyl on post-operative pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy. METHODS: We examined 60 patients were randomized to postoperative pain treatment with either oxycodone (n = 30, Group O) or fentanyl (n = 30, Group F). The patients received 10 mg oxycodone/100 microg fentanyl with ketorolac 30 mg before the end of anesthesia and then continued with patient-controlled analgesia for 48 h postoperatively. RESULTS: The accumulated oxycodone consumption was less than fentanyl during 8, 24 and 48 h postoperatively. Numeric rating score of Group O showed significantly lower than that of Group F during 30 min, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h postoperatively. The incidences of adverse reactions were similar in the two groups, though the incidence of nausea was higher in the Group O during the 24 and 48 h postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Oxycodone IV-PCA was more advantageous than fentanyl IV-PCA for laparoscopic hysterectomy in view of accumulated oxycodone consumption, pain control and cost beneficial effect. However, patient satisfaction was not good in the group O compared to group F.
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled* ; Anesthesia ; Fentanyl* ; Humans ; Hysterectomy* ; Incidence ; Ketorolac ; Nausea ; Oxycodone* ; Pain, Postoperative ; Patient Satisfaction ; Postoperative Period

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in Korea and the world. Since 2004, this is the 4th gastric cancer guideline published in Korea which is the revised version of previous evidence-based approach in 2018. Current guideline is a collaborative work of the interdisciplinary working group including experts in the field of gastric surgery, gastroenterology, endoscopy, medical oncology, abdominal radiology, pathology, nuclear medicine, radiation oncology and guideline development methodology. Total of 33 key questions were updated or proposed after a collaborative review by the working group and 40 statements were developed according to the systematic review using the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and KoreaMed database. The level of evidence and the grading of recommendations were categorized according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation proposition. Evidence level, benefit, harm, and clinical applicability was considered as the significant factors for recommendation. The working group reviewed recommendations and discussed for consensus. In the earlier part, general consideration discusses screening, diagnosis and staging of endoscopy, pathology, radiology, and nuclear medicine. Flowchart is depicted with statements which is supported by meta-analysis and references. Since clinical trial and systematic review was not suitable for postoperative oncologic and nutritional follow-up, working group agreed to conduct a nationwide survey investigating the clinical practice of all tertiary or general hospitals in Korea. The purpose of this survey was to provide baseline information on follow up. Herein we present a multidisciplinary-evidence based gastric cancer guideline.