BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancer(HNC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) accounts for 85-90% of all HNC. However, its biologic behavior has little been known yet. OBJECTIVES: In the present investigation, Eight of nine cell lines, which were developed and characterized in Asan Medical Center of University of Ulsan, were tested for tumor formation and histology in nude mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Explant cultures of fresh tumor tissue were used to develop new permanent tumor cell lines. Five-to ten million-cells were injected subcutaneously into 3-to 6-week-old male nude mice and the formation of tumors was evaluated after 3 to 8 weeks. RESULTS: Eight cell lines(AMC-HN-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7 and -9) produced progressively growing tumor, and were noticed remarkable similarity of the histologic feature to original tumor. Well formed keratin pearls were present both in the original tumor and the tumor produced by the AMC-HN-3 and -7 cell lines. AMC-HN-2 and -6 grew in well formed infiltrating cords with a prominent stromal network exactly like that in the original tumor. The undifferentiated carcinoma from AMC-HN-9 has the same histologic and immunohistochemical pattern. CONCLUSION: The histologic similarity between original tumors and AMC-HN cell lines are representative that cell lines are promised to be good in vitro models for study of HNC biology.
Animals ; Biology ; Carcinoma ; Cell Line* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Head ; Heterografts* ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude* ; Neck ; Ulsan

Forty-Five cases of Shigellosis were treated with Ampicillin, TMP/SMX and Rifampin from April 1980. to November 1980. Of the 18 strains of shigellae, in-vitro sensitivity test was performed against twelve antimicrobial agents. The percentage of resistant strains was 77.8% in Ampicillin and 100% in TMP/SMX. Inhibition zone diameter by Rifampin disc was 8~10mm in all cases and clinical improvement with treatment was noted in nearly all cases, therefore we regarded inhibition zone diameter above 8mm sensitive to Rifampin. In clinical evaluation, the percentage of effectiveness by antibiotics was as follows; Ampicillin-60%, TMP/SMX-70% and Rifampin-93.3%. Rifampin appears to be the best, available drug bacteriologically and clinically for the treatment of Shilgellosis.
Ampicillin* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Dysentery, Bacillary* ; Humans ; Rifampin* ; Shigella ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination*

The purpose of this study is to observe and compare the dynamic change of artificially demineralized enamel by remineralization solutions of different degrees of saturation at pH 4.3. In this study, 30 enamel specimens were demineralized artificially by lactic acid buffered solution. Each of 10 specimens was immersed in pH 4.3 remineralization solution of three different degrees of saturation (0.22, 0.30, 0.35) for 10 days. After demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by a polarizing microscope (x 100). The density of lesion were determined from images taken after demineralization and remineralization. During remineralization process, mineral deposition and mineral loss occurred at the same time. After remineralization, total mineral amount and width of surface lesion increased in all groups. The higher degree of saturation was, the more mineral deposition occurred in surface lesion and the amount of mineral deposition was not much in subsurface lesion. Total demineralized depth increased in all groups.
Dental Enamel ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lactic Acid

The purpose of this study is to observe and compare the remineralization tendencies of artificially demineralized enamel by remineralization solutions of different degree of saturations at pH 5.5, using a polarizing microscope and computer programs (Photoshop, Image pro plus, Scion Image, Excel). For this study, 36 sound permanent teeth with no signs of demineralization, cracks, or dental restorations were used. The specimens were immersed in lactic acid demineralization solution for 3 days in order to produce dental caries artificially that consist of surface and subsurface lesions. Each of 9 or 10 specimens was immersed in pH 5.5 lactic acid buffered remineralization solution of three different degrees of saturation (0.25, 0.30, 0.35) for 12 days. After the demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by a polarizing microscope (x 100). The results were obtained by observing images of the specimens, and using computer programs, the density of caries lesions were determined. In conclusion, in the group with the lowest degree of saturation, remineralization occurred thoroughly from the surface to the subsurface lesion, whereas in the groups with greater degree of saturation showed no significant change in the subsurface lesion, although there was corresponding increase in the remineralization width on the surface zones.
Dental Caries ; Dental Enamel ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lactic Acid ; Software ; Tooth

OBJECTIVE: To know the present status of upper extremity reconstruction surgery for the person with tetraplegia in Korea and to suggest solutions to promote the procedures. METHOD: 62 physiatrists and 42 hand surgeons were surveyed with self administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was made up of 5 categories: (1) whether physicians had experienced these procedures in the past three years, (2) if they have had no experience, what the reasons were, (3) whether physicians desired to be involved in these procedures, (4) what the solution to promote these procedures should be, (5) the attitudes and beliefs of physicians about these procedures. The last category was analyzed by odds ratio between physicians who desired to be involved in the procedure and who didn't. RESULTS: Only two physiatrists and six surgeons had experienced these procedures in the past three years. However many physicians desired to be involved in these procedures. The main reason of not performing these procedures was a lack of referral between physiatrists and surgeons. The physicians who desire to practice upper extremity reconstruction surgery or related rehabilitation had higher confidence on the benefits of the procedures and thought that they had knowledge and skills for the procedure. CONCLUSION: In spite of positive attitude to the upper extremity reconstruction for tetraplegic patients, few physicians have experienced in these procedures. This phenomenon was due to a lack of referral between physiatrists and surgeons. Advancing cross-specialty relationships and educating related physicians could be solutions to promote these procedures.
Hand ; Humans ; Korea ; Odds Ratio ; Quadriplegia ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Referral and Consultation ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Tendon Transfer ; Upper Extremity

PURPOSE: To compare the surgical outcomes of triple procedure in patients with open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. METHODS: The patients who underwent triple procedures for open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma and were followed up for more than 1 year postoperatively were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field mean deviation, refractive error, number of medications, and complications were analyzed. The effect of surgery on IOP reduction and refractive error correction was compared. RESULTS: The IOP at 1 year postoperatively was 13.39 +/- 2.25 mm Hg, 13.41 +/- 2.79 mm Hg (p = 0.981) and IOP reduction was 4.51 +/- 6.35 mm Hg, 9.11 +/- 8.27 mm Hg (p = 0.042) in the open angle glaucoma group and angle closure glaucoma group, respectively. No patient in either group required reoperation due to uncontrolled IOP. The percentage of patients showing postoperative IOP reduction of at least 10% and 20% from baseline IOP was statistically higher in the angle-closure glaucoma group than in the open-angle glaucoma group. Prediction errors were -0.84 +/- 0.88 D and -0.13 +/- 0.65 D in the open-angle glaucoma group and angle-closure glaucoma group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Triple procedure was effective in reducing IOP in both open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma patients. The patients with angle-closure glaucoma showed better results in IOP control and refractive error correction compared with patients with angle-closure glaucoma.
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure* ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Refractive Errors ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome* ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To compare the surgical outcomes of triple procedure in patients with open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. METHODS: The patients who underwent triple procedures for open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma and were followed up for more than 1 year postoperatively were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field mean deviation, refractive error, number of medications, and complications were analyzed. The effect of surgery on IOP reduction and refractive error correction was compared. RESULTS: The IOP at 1 year postoperatively was 13.39 +/- 2.25 mm Hg, 13.41 +/- 2.79 mm Hg (p = 0.981) and IOP reduction was 4.51 +/- 6.35 mm Hg, 9.11 +/- 8.27 mm Hg (p = 0.042) in the open angle glaucoma group and angle closure glaucoma group, respectively. No patient in either group required reoperation due to uncontrolled IOP. The percentage of patients showing postoperative IOP reduction of at least 10% and 20% from baseline IOP was statistically higher in the angle-closure glaucoma group than in the open-angle glaucoma group. Prediction errors were -0.84 +/- 0.88 D and -0.13 +/- 0.65 D in the open-angle glaucoma group and angle-closure glaucoma group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Triple procedure was effective in reducing IOP in both open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma patients. The patients with angle-closure glaucoma showed better results in IOP control and refractive error correction compared with patients with angle-closure glaucoma.
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure* ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Refractive Errors ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome* ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

BACKGROUND: Ginsenosides have been used for a long time as an oriental folk medicine. Although ginsenosides modulate the nociceptive transmission, the effect of ginsenosides on a bone cancer pain has not been elucidated. The authors examined the effect of ginsenosides in a mouse model of bone cancer pain. METHODS: Bone cancer was induced by intramedullary injection of osteolytic sarcoma cells in to the femur in male C3H/HeJ mice. Mice showing mechanical allodynia after 14 days after cancer cells inoculation were included in this study. Mechanical allodynia was evaluated by measuring the withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament applying on the femoral cancer site. Effect of ginsenosides (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) was examined at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min after intraperitoneal administration of ginsenosides. RESULTS: After cancer cells injection into the femur, bone cancer was developed in simple X-ray. A paw withdrawal threshold in a cancer site was significantly decreased. Intraperitoneal ginsenosides did not effectively alter the withdrawal threshold in the cancer site. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, ginsenosides may not be effective to attenuate the bone cancer pain.
Animals ; Bone Neoplasms ; Femur ; Ginsenosides ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; Male ; Medicine, Traditional ; Mice ; Sarcoma

PURPOSE: To compare retrospectively the antegrade and retrograde nailing in the management of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients (thirty-three injuries) were included in this study. Mean age of patients was 38 years-old in the antegrade nailing group (16 injuries) and 44 years-old in the retrograde nailing group (17 injuries). We compared the union of fractures and complications between two groups, and investigated the influencing factors. RESULTS: Femoral shaft fracture was united in 10 cases (63%) of antegrade group and 12 cases (71%) of retrograde group, at 28.2 and 27.3 weeks respectively. Nonunion was more prevalent in Winquist-Hansen III and IV (5 in antegrade nailing, 3 in retrograde nailing) than I and II. Femoral neck fracture was united with 1 case of nonunion in each group. Nonunion developed from Garden stage IV, but fractures of Garden stage I and II united regardless of methods. CONCLUSION: In ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures, the kinds of methods did not affect the results of shaft fractures. Minimally displaced neck fractures also were not influenced by kinds of methods, but retrograde nailing may have a benefit in fixing the displaced neck fractures
Agriculture ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; Femur Neck ; Humans ; Methods* ; Neck* ; Retrospective Studies

Purpose: The current study aimed to investigate the synergistic antitumor effect of combined treatment with 17-DMAG (HSP90 inhibitor) and NVP-BEZ235 (PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor) on cisplatin-resistant human bladder cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Human bladder cancer cells exhibiting cisplatin resistance (T24R2) were exposed to escalating doses of 17-DMAG (2.5–20 nM) with or without NVP-BEZ236 (0.5–4 μM) in combination with cisplatin. Antitumor effects were assessed by CCK-8 analysis. Based on the dose-response study, synergistic interactions between the two regimens were evaluated using clonogenic assay and combination index values. Flow cytometry and Western blot were conducted to analyze mechanisms of synergism. Results: Dose- and time-dependent antitumor effects for 17-DMAG were observed in both cisplatin-sensitive (T24) and cisplatin- resistant cells (T24R2). The antitumor effect of NVP-BEZ235, however, was found to be self-limiting. The combination of 17- DMAG and NVP-BEZ235 in a 1:200 fixed ratio showed a significant antitumor effect in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells over a wide dose range, and clonogenic assay showed compatible results with synergy tests. Three-dimensional analysis revealed strong synergy between the two drugs with a synergy volume of 201.84 μM/mL2%. The combination therapy resulted in G1-phase cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis confirmed by the Western blot. Conclusion HSP90 inhibitor monotherapy and in combination with the PI3K/mTOR survival pathway inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 shows a synergistic antitumor effect in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancers, eliciting cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and induction of caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway.