Two hundreds fifty seven cases of normal mammogram were analysis for classification of types of breasts.Ranging from 20 to 79 years of age, mean age was 45 years. Two projections, craniocaudal & mediolateral, were used. Age, nutrient condition, familial tendency and hormonal factors influence to breats hisologically. Normalbreats were classified into the standard (9.75%), ductal (71.7%), glandular (6.2%) and atrophic (12.4%) types.Ductal type was further subclassified into intraductal, periductal and mixed types. Atrophic type was susbdividedinto fibrous and fatty, Standard type was observed in younger women, instead of atrophic type was seen in olderage group, especially after menopause. Periductal type was most common (65.4%), Glandular type was mostly intwenty to thirty year group. According to increase of age, gladular or ductal type transformed into atrophic type.
Classification ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause

The effect of 0.25% and 0.5% Timolol on intraocular pressure and concentration in aqueous humor was studied after topical instillation in the white rabbit. The intraocular pressure was measured with pneuma tonometer and the Timolol concentration in aqueous humor was measured with High Preformance Liquid Chromatograph after fine needle aspiration of aqueous humor at various time intervals. The results were as follows; 1. The percentage reduction of intraocular pressure increased with time and reached a peak after 3 hours. 2. The concentration of Timolol in aqueous humor increased with time and reached a peak after 3 hours. 3. There was close correlation between intraocular pressure and Timolol concentration in aqueous humor.
Aqueous Humor* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Timolol*

Solitary choroidal tuberculoma is a rare ocular tuberculosis, a form of secondary infection derived through the blood-stream from some focus of infection elsewhere in the body, characterized by gradual growing until it resembles a tumor projecting into the cavity of eye. Authors experienced a case of a solitary choroidal tuberculoma. A brief review of literature is described.
Choroid* ; Coinfection ; Tuberculoma* ; Tuberculosis, Ocular

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, hypertension or other cardiovasular diseases, and normal health person due to cardiac arrhythmia or coronary microcirculatory insufficiency. According to development of echocardiography, left ventricular mass and the patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy can be measured. Therefore, we tried to classify the left ventricular hypertrophy in coronary artery disease and to differentiate cardiac function and severity of coronary artery disease in these groups. METHOD: From September 1993 to August 1995, in 44 cases(23 males, 21 females) without hypertension with normal coronary angiography and 84 cases(62 males, 22 females) without hypertension with coronary artery disease on coronary angiography were compared by two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: In normal control group, mean age was 51+/-11years, and in coronary artery disease group, mean age was 58+/-10years. Atherosclerotic risk factors showed no significant differences in each groups. LVH patterns in normal control group were 31 cases(70%) of normal left ventricle, 6 cases(14%) concentric remodelling, 2 cases(5%) concentric hypertrophy, and 5 cases(11%) eccentric hypertrophy. In coronary artery disease group, 30 cases(36%) were normal left ventricle, 17 cases(20%) concentric remodelling, 14 cases(17%) concentric hypertrophy, and 23 cases(27%) eccentric hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, concentric and eccentric hypertrophy were more common in coronary artery disease group than normal control group. And comparing to one vessel disease grroup, multi-vessel disease group had more common concentric and eccentric hypertrophy. This result were considered that left ventricular concentric hypertrophy may induce coronary heart disease because more oxygen demand required and fixed coronary circulation, and essentric hypertrophy was due to post-infarct left ventricular remodelling and wall thinning.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Circulation ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Vessels* ; Echocardiography* ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular* ; Male ; Oxygen ; Risk Factors

No abstract available.
Pregnancy*

Cryoglobulinernia occurs in about 5% of the cases of multiple myeloma. The most common finding in patient with cryoglobulinemia is ulceraticn that oceurs about ankle, hands, and occasionally the ears, upon prolonged exposue to cold. A 59-year old male had had 5 years of pain in his ears. There were black or dark brown colored ischemic ulcerations on his both helix. He also had mottled purpuric patches on his both ankles. A test for cryoglobulinema was positive. X-ray examination of the skull showed multiple punched but lesions. The bone marrow study revealed myeloma cell infiltration.
Ankle ; Bone Marrow ; Cryoglobulinemia* ; Ear ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma* ; Skull ; Ulcer

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the CT and MR findings of brain absecss with emphasis on the thickeness and signal intensity of abscess wall. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty CT scans and seven MR studies of 23 patients with brain abscess (27 abscesses) were retrospectively reviewed with respect to thickeness and signal intensity of abscess wall, shape and size of abscess, etc. Thickness of abscess wall was measured in the greatest abscess diameter on the CT scans and MR images obtaihed after intravenous administration of contrast material. RESULTS: Enhancing abscess wall was 2mm--6mm (average 3mm) thick. The abscess wall was uniform in thickness in 14 cases (52%), thinner in the roedial wall than lateral wall in 8 cases (30%), and thicker in the medial wall than lateral wall in 5 cases (18%). Signal intensity of abscess wall was isointense relative to gray matter on Tl-weighted MR images and hypointense on both proton- and T2-weighted MR images in 7 out of 8 lesione (88%). The inner margin of the abscess wall was smooth in 14 (52%) and irregular in 13 lesions (48%). The outer margin was smooth in 15 (55%) and irregular in 12 lesions (45%). The size of the abscesses was variable, ranging from lcm to 6cm in diameter. They were round (16 cases), elliptical (6 cases), or multilobulated (5 cases) in shape. Satellite or daughter abscesses were found in 5 patients. CONCLUSION: Abscess wall showed variable thickness in the medial and lateral walls with no specific findings. Other CT and MR findings were also nonspecific, although hypointensity of abscess wall on T2-weighted MR images may be helpful in diagnosis of brain abscess.
Abscess* ; Administration, Intravenous ; Brain Abscess* ; Brain* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nuclear Family ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

We report here on a case of popliteal aneurysm and rupture that occurred over a 10-day period and this was all secondary to salmonella infection. Computed tomography (CT) angiography of the extremity that was performed before and after aneurysmal rupture showed the aneurysm's rapid evolution to rupture over a short period of time. We also review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and management of salmonella aneurysms.
Aneurysm* ; Angiography ; Extremities ; Popliteal Artery ; Rupture* ; Salmonella Infections* ; Salmonella*

We report here on a case of popliteal aneurysm and rupture that occurred over a 10-day period and this was all secondary to salmonella infection. Computed tomography (CT) angiography of the extremity that was performed before and after aneurysmal rupture showed the aneurysm's rapid evolution to rupture over a short period of time. We also review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and management of salmonella aneurysms.
Aneurysm* ; Angiography ; Extremities ; Popliteal Artery ; Rupture* ; Salmonella Infections* ; Salmonella*

Chronic mitral regurgitation may be well tolerated for decades because of favorable conditions like increased preload and decreased afterload. However, in some patients with underlying overt myocardial dysfunction, opertive correction of mitral regurgitation may result in persistent left ventricular dysfunction. Myocardial dysfunction in mitral regurgitation initially occurs subclinically and may becoma irreversible before symptoms of congestive heart failure develop. In order to identify latent myocardial dysfunction, we evaluated prognostic values of several indices from patient's characteristics, echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization data and contrast left ventriculogram in 49 patients with chronic mitral regurgitation who received mitral valve replacement. The patients were defined as Groups I who had improved symptoms with decreased left ventricular end-diastolic dimension after operation and Group II who had persistent symptoms and progressed left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, or not decreased until left ventricular end-diastolic dimension 60mm after operation. The results were as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in age, sex, duration of symptoms, preoperative NYHA functional status, and aortic cross clamping time during operation between Group I and Group II. 2) There was no significant difference in echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic dimension between group I and group II. There were significantly more dilated left ventricular end-diastolic dimension of Group II than that of Group I and significantly more depressed fractional shortening of Group II than that of Group I. There was significantly more increased end-diastolic wall stress of Group II than of Group I. 3) There was no significant difference in cardiac index, mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and left ventricular end-diastoic pressure between Group I and Group II. 4) There were significantly more increased end-diastolic volume index and end-diastolic volum index of Group II than those of Group I, but no significant difference in ejection fraction between Group I and Group II. There was significantly more decreased ratio of end-diastolic circumferential midwall stress to end-diastolic volume index of Group II than that of Group I. 5) In Group I, end-systolic dimension, end-systolic dimension and end-systolic wall stress were decreased significantly after operation. In Group II, end-systolic dimension was decreased significantly after operation. 6) Values for combination of end-systolic left ventricular dimension greater than 28mm/m2 and end-systolic wall stress greater than 190mmHg predicted a Group II outcome with a sensitivity of 88.2%, a specificity of 93.8%, positive predictive value of 88.2% and negative predictive value of 93.8%. Values of combination of end-systolic left ventricular dimension greater than 28mm/m2 and fractional shortening less than 32% predicted a Group II outcome with a sensitivity of 88.2% a specificity of 90.6%, positive predictive value of 83.3% and negative predictive value of 93.5%, a specificity of 90.6%, positive predictive valve of 83.3% and negative predictive value of 93.5%. According to the above results, noninvasive hemodynamic variables such as end-systolic left ventricular dimension, fractional shortening and end-systolic wall stress would be useful guideline for follow-up and determining the optimal time for surgical intervention in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation.
Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Constriction ; Echocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency* ; Mitral Valve* ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Wedge Pressure ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left