PURPOSE: To assess retinal electrophysiologic dysfunction in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) and full-field electroretinograms (Full-field ERG). METHODS: 24 patients with unilateral CSC and 24 age-similar control group underwent fundus exam, fluorescein angiography, mfERG and full-field ERG. The results of testing of patients with CSC in the affected and fellow eyes were compared with the age-similar normal controls. RESULTS: All of the patients had central macular detachments in the affected eyes, while the fellow eyes were normal. In fluorescein angiography, all of the patients had small, focal hyperfluorescent leak in early phase in the affeted eyes, while the fellow eyes were nonspecific findings. The results of full-field ERG were not significantly different between unilateral CSC patient and normal control group. In mfERG, amplitude of both affected and fellow eyes were significantly decreased in the entire test field of retina comparing with normal controls (P<0.05), while implicit time increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Not only affected eyes but fellow eyes of the patients with CSC had abnormal responses in the first order kernel. These results suggested that not only affected but also fellow eyes possibly had underlying pathologic condition as abnormal chorioidal circulation. mfERG may be useful in evaluating the retinal function of affected and fellow eyes with CSC patients.
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy* ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations including chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the association between HBV and CKD is not clear. This study investigated the association between chronic HBV infection and CKD in a nationwide multicenter study. METHODS: A total of 265,086 subjects who underwent health-check examinations in 33 hospitals from January 2015 to December 2015 were enrolled. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive cases (n = 10,048), and age- and gender-matched HBsAg negative controls (n = 40,192) were identified. CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or proteinuria as at least grade 2+ of urine protein. RESULTS: HBsAg positive cases showed a significantly higher prevalence of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (3.3%), and proteinuria (18.9%) than that of the controls (2.6%, P < 0.001, and 14.1%, P < 0.001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, HBsAg positivity was an independent factor associated with GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² along with age, blood levels of albumin, bilirubin, anemia, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Likewise, HBsAg positivity was an independent factor for proteinuria along with age, male, blood levels of bilirubin, protein, albumin, and HbA1c. A subgroup analysis showed that HBsAg positive men but not women had a significantly increased risk for GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². CONCLUSION: Chronic HBV infection was significantly associated with a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² and proteinuria (≥ 2+). Therefore, clinical concern about CKD in chronic HBV infected patients, especially in male, is warranted.
Anemia ; Antigens, Surface ; Bilirubin ; Case-Control Studies* ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic* ; Hepatitis, Chronic* ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prevalence ; Proteinuria ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic*