Normal and abnormal follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on gonadotropins as well as intraovarian peptides, which may mediate or potentiate gonadotropin action. Inhibin also affect follicular development and steroidogenesis and may play a role in dominant follicle selection and follicular atresia. Therefore, we studied the differences of serum inhibin, gonadotropin and androgen levels in the women with only the ultrasound findings and no disorder, and polycystic ovary (PCO) with ovulatory disturbance. We prospectively analysed forty-three women with PCO. The diagnosis of PCO was based on typical appearance of the ovaries on TVS. Twelve women with regular menstrual cycle and normal ovarian morphology were selected as control. Basal levels of inhibin, luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), estradiol(E2), testosterone(T), androstenedione(ADD), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate(DS), prolactin and TSH in serum were determined. There were significant differences in basal LH levels and LH/FSH ratio between the control and the women with PCO. The basal levels of inhibin and E2 in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO (N=34) were significantly higher than those in the control. There was higher negative correlation between the inhibin and T levels in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO, but, not in the regular cycling PCO. Also, there was higher positive correlation between the LH and T levels in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO, but not in the regular cycling PCO. These data presume that the initial event of PCO is elevated pituitary LH secretion. Elevated levels of LH may down-regulate LH receptors on granulosa cells and also cause hypertrophy of the thecal layer. High level of androgen secreted by the hypertrophied thermal layer may stimulate inhibin secretion from granulosa cells and can be converted to estrogen by extraovarian tissues and could serve to augment pituitary sensitivity to GnRH with a resultant secretion of more LH follicular development and dominant follicle selection resulted in ovulatory disturbance.
Diagnosis ; Estrogens ; Female ; Follicular Atresia ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Gonadotropins ; Granulosa Cells ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Inhibins* ; Lutein ; Menstrual Cycle ; Ovary* ; Peptides ; Prolactin ; Prospective Studies ; Receptors, LH ; Ultrasonography

The purpose of this research was to develop the clinical nursing process model through linked nursing diagnoses, related factors, defining characteristics, nursing interventions, nursing activities and nursing outcomes and was to make graphic user interface using the clinical nursing process model. The linked clinical record sets in the developed database system were arranged in reverse order statistically in order to construct the clinical nursing process model from the patients' database tables concerning nursing diagnoses, related factors, defining characteristics, nursing interventions, nursing activities and nursing outcomes. The arranged clinical nursing record sets were suggested as the nursing process model in a general surgery clinical unit. The nursing process model of a general surgery clinical unit could be used for its accessibility as an indicator for other medical departments. The most available clinical nursing process data were presented on only one graphic user interface window to be able to select the nursing process easily for nurses in a general surgery clinical unit. Graphic user interface programming was designed to show all related factors, defining character stics, nursing interventions, nursing activities and nursing outcomes based on a nursing diagnosis which have unique properties. Using the clinical nursing process model in this database system, it was also possible to construct the electronic nursing record system.
Nursing Diagnosis ; Nursing Process* ; Nursing Records ; Nursing*

Professional nurse Autonomy is an essential attribute of a discipline striving for full professional status. PURPOSE: This study was to clarify the concept of professional nurse autonomy to provide basic data needed for development of professional autonomy enhancing strategies. METHOD: This study use the process of Walker & Avante's concept analysis based on Wade's research (1999), and field data of 21 nurses. RESULTS: Professional nurse autonomy is defined as competency and creative performance of the professional nurse in practice, to decide independently or interdependently nursing activities and to be had accountable for results of decisions, that reflect advocacy and caring. It was identified that critical attributes include responsible discretionary decision making, collegial interdependence, initiative, creativity, and caring, advocacy, cooperative relationship with clients, receptive capacity to others, activeness, self confidence, and devotion and responsibility to their profession. Antecedents include personal characteristics, educational background, experience and structural characteristics that enhance professional nurse autonomy. Consequences of professional nurse autonomy are feelings of self-efficacy, empowerment, job satisfaction, reduction of intention to leave their job. CONCLUSION: According to these results, it is recommended that the curriculum provides an environment for learning professional nurse autonomy, and that is used as basic data to develope strategies to enhance professional autonomy of nurse in practice and it's effects.
Creativity ; Curriculum ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Intention ; Job Satisfaction ; Learning ; Nursing ; Power (Psychology) ; Professional Autonomy

Cutarieous manifest,ations and systemic complications were observed in 521 patient., with diabetes mellitus. The results were as follows: Total 70, 8% of patients had complications', In 16. 5%, cutaneous manifestation were observed. Systemic complications were observed in 27 6%, Both eutaneous manifestations and systemic complications were observed in 26 7% 2 The cutaneous mariifestations observed in 43 2%, were cutaneous infection, pruritus, shin spot, diabetic foit, peripheral edema, diahetic bulla, foot gangrene and rutieosis in the order of frequency, 3, The cutaneous manifestations were much more observed in patients with systemic complications than without them(p<0 05), and with longer duration more than 10 years history, 4. It seems to be no relationship between the cutancous manifestations and fasting blood sugar level.
Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Edema ; Fasting ; Foot ; Gangrene ; Humans ; Pruritus ; Statistics as Topic*

Doppler sonography has been introduced to evaluate uterine and ovarian diseases. It has been reported to be used to distinguish benign from malignant adnexal masses. The purpose of this study was to assess the blood flow characteristics of adnexal masses and to determine the optimal cut-off points for the Doppler indices obtained, resistance index and pulsatility index, to best differentiate benign from malignant lesions. We performed pulsed Doppler ultrasound in seventy-eight adnexal masses between February 1989 and June 1994. The pulsatility and resistance index were calculated from the waveforms generated from blood flow within the ovary. There were 51 benign and 27 malignant histologically proved ovarian lesions. All women have been operated on. The results were as follows ; Benign tumors and cysts had a significantly higher pulsatility index(mean, 1.23+/-0.74; range, 4.46-3.36) and resistance index(mean, 0.64+/-0.19; range 0.34-1.43) than did malignant tumors(pulsatility index : mean, 0.87+/-0.49; range, 0.31-2.27; resistance index : mean, 0.50+/-17; range, 0.23-0.8). However, some overlap in individual values for benign and malignant lesions was found. In conclusion, our data suggest that high pulsatility and resistance indices may indicate benign adnexal masses ; however, considerable overlap in pulsatility and resistance indices between benign and malignant lesions were noted, and further work will be needed before the validity of these factors is proved.
Female ; Humans ; Ovarian Diseases ; Ovary ; Ultrasonography

Retinal dysplasia is an important disease in the study of retinal development. The differential diagnosis of retinal dysplasia from retinoblastoma is very difficult to make clinically, but histologically the diagnosis is made by the structure of rosettes. The authors experimentally gave trauma to retina of rats and produced retinal dysplasia; we observed under electron microscope the incomplete rosette of retinal dysplasia and the complete rosette appearing in retinoblastoma. We concluded that both rosettes are formed in developing retina with environmental or hereditary defects and did a comparative study of their characteristic fine structures.
Animals ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Rats* ; Retina ; Retinal Dysplasia* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retinoblastoma*

PURPOSE : JAK kinases play important roles not only in normal cellular processes, but they are also important in tumor development. A recent study identified two somatic mutations of JAK1 in leukemia cells that were detected in exon 10 (p.T478S) and exon 13 (p.V623A). The aim of this study was to see whether the JAK1 mutations in these exons occur in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS : We analyzed the exons 10 and 13 of JAK1 for detecting somatic mutations in NSCLC by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay. RESULTS : The SSCP analysis revealed no evidence of somatic mutation in the DNA sequences of JAK1 exon 10 and exon 13 in the 47 NSCLCs. CONCLUSION : The data presented here indicate that the JAK1 exons 10 and 13 may not be somatically mutated in human NSCLCs, and this suggests that the JAK1 mutation in exons 10 and 13 may not play an important role in the tumorigenesis of NSCLCs
Base Sequence ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Exons ; Humans ; Janus Kinases ; Leukemia ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational

PURPOSE: Hydronephrosis is found about 30% of children with urinary tract infection (UTI). It can be caused by various conditions, although most childhood hydronephrosis is congenital. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between febrile UTI and hydronephrosis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 183 patients diagnosed as UTI between January 2007 and May 2009 at Korea University Guro Hospital. Inclusion criteria were as followings; 1) fever more than 37.5degrees C measured in the axilla , 2) positive urine culture, 3) no history of urinary tract anomaly on antenatal sonography and urinary tract infection. We classified the enrolled children into two groups of patients with hydronephrosis (HN) and those without hydronephrosis (NHN). RESULTS: The 80 patients were HN and 103 patients NHN. Hydronephrosis was found in 58 patients with left kidney, 8 right and 14 both kidneys. Most of hydronephrosis were of low grade. Compared with NHN group, initial renal cortical defects on DMSA scan significantly increased in HN group (HN 37.5%, NHN 16.5%, P < 0.05). The incidence of VUR was not different between the two groups (HN 22%, NHN 12.1%). White blood cell counts and C-reactive protein were not different between the two groups. Follow-up DMSA scan (about 6 months later after UTI) showed no difference of renal scarring in both two groups. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that hydronephrosis in febrile UTI patients is clinically useful for detecting renal cortical defects, but is not associated with follow-up renal scar.
Axilla ; C-Reactive Protein ; Child ; Cicatrix ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Korea ; Leukocyte Count ; Retrospective Studies ; Succimer ; Urinary Tract ; Urinary Tract Infections

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of the in-phase(IP) sequence and the opposed-phase(OP) sequence in the detection of focal hepatic lesions in the single breath-hold hepatic MR imaging with fast gradient T1-weighted pulse sequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: If and OP T1-weighted breath-hold imaging was performed using fast gradient echo sequences in 45 patients referred for known focal hepatic lesions, in which 78 lesions were detected. There blind readers independently reviewed the images for lesion detectability. The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of the liver, the lesion-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR) and the liver-to-spleen CNR were also compared. A consensus was reached by three readers to determine which sequence is better in image quality. RESULTS: On OP images, 61(78%), 61(78%), and 63(89%) lesions were correctly identified for reader 1, 2 and 3, respectively. On IP images, 66(85%), 65(83%), and 65(93%) lesions were detected for each reader, respectively. When two image sets were combined, 71(91%), 69(88%), and 76(97%) lesions respectively were detected for each reader. In cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, liver-to-lesion CNR was greater on the OP images(p<0.05), but in other lesions significant differences was not demonstrated. Liver-to-spleen CNR was higher in OP images(p<0.1), but the SNR of the liver was higher on the If images. CONCLUSION: Use of both If and OP imaging can be helpful to avoid erroneous missing of some focal hepatic lesions.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Consensus ; Humans ; Liver* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging*

No abstract available.