No abstract available.

Lack of historical records causes some difficulties in the historical studies of ancient Korea. It is the same case as that of the history of medicine. We imagine what the situation of medicine was like in ancient Korea with a bit of historical records. In ancient times, medicine had very close relation with religions. In ancient Korea, it had very close relation with Buddhism. According to {Sam Kuk Sa Ki and {Sam Kuk Yu Sa buddhists monks treated patients with the religious rituals. In this article, the authors would like to present a record which had been unnoticed until now. It is the commentary of Wonhyo on a certain Buddhistic cannon called {Kum Kwang Myung Kyung. A chapter of this cannon is on the theory of medicine, causes of diseases and treatments. We can presume Wonhyo's knowledge of medicine at that time through his commentary on this chapter.
Buddhism/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, Ancient ; Korea ; Religion and Medicine

Increased death rate resulted from cardiovascular disease called for the study on the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular system. It is known that an HRV (heart rate variability) spectrum analysis based on ECG (electrocardiograph) signals could be used to define activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system noninvasively. However, it is important to prove whether suggested HRV analysis method could provide the useful information for observing autonomic nervous system quantitatively and objectively before clinical application. In this study, 14 rats were used and divided into two groups, sympathectomy group and vagotomy group, respectively. During the experiment, ECGs of rats were collected three times at each experimental condition. After the application of Berger's series algorithm to the ECG raw data, HRV spectrum was obtained via FFT (fast Fourier transform). Power contents for each frequency bands were calculated from HRV waveforms. Two peak values, HF (high frequency) and LF(low frequency), representing autonomic nervous system status were used to extract the parameter, HF/LF ratio. Results showed that HF/LF values were increased for the sympathectomy group and decreased for the vagotomy group. It implies that the variations in HF/LF components exhibits the information for the classification of ANS(autonomic nervous system) function quantitatively. HRV analysis algorithm developed from this study could be expanded for the observation of autonomic nervous system variations in human.
Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cardiovascular System ; Classification ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Mortality ; Parasympathetic Nervous System ; Rats ; Spectrum Analysis ; Sympathectomy* ; Vagotomy*

Dr. Allen, the first Protestant missionary in Korea, had an opportunity of saving the life of the queen's nephew shortly after his arrival in Korea in 1884. In gratitude the King established the Royal Korean Hospital (Jejoong Won), the first hospital in Korea, and appointed Dr. Allen in charge of the medical affairs of the hospital. After Dr. Allen's resignation from the mission, the work was successively carried on by Drs. JW Heron, RA Hardie, CC Vinton and OR Avison, the last of whom arrived in 1893. In 1894 the connection of the Hospital with the Korean Government was severed and the work taken over by the Northern Presbyterian Mission. Since then, it has been a distinctly mission institute. In 1900, while attending the Ecumenical Conference of Foreign Missions in Carnegie Hall, New York, Dr. Avison made the acquaintance of a philanthropist LH Severance, who made a gift of $10,000 for a new hospital. This building, the first modern hospital in Korea, was opened and dedicated in 1904. It was named the Severance Hospital. As the new hospital was built, the old hospital building was to be returned to the Korean Government according to the agreement made in 1894. On retaking the old hospital, the Korean Government paid $30,289.99 won for the renovation of the original building and new buildings established in the site during the period of Avison's entire charge of Jejoong Won. The old hospital building was used as an official residence for a diplomatic adviser Stevens, who was assassinated for his pro-Japan activities, and as a social club for Japanese officials.
Christianity/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Hospitals, Public/*history ; Hospitals, Religious/*history ; Korea ; Missions and Missionaries/*history ; United States

Objective: Machine learning is emerging as a new alternative in various scientific fields and is potentially a new method of interpretation. Using the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), we analyzed the factors that influence the rechoice of emergency medicine responders. The survey is a cross-sectional study which provides an accurate understanding of a responder's current status. However, the results may vary depending on the composition, format, and question, and the relationship between the answers may be unclear. Methods: This study evaluated the modified 2020 Korean Emergency Physician Survey raw data. We applied the preferred model for random relationship check, random forest, support vector machine, and LightGBM models. The stacking ensemble model was used for the final decision process. Results: ‘It is fun working in an emergency room’was the most selected response factor for re-choice, followed by ‘interesting major’. The physical burden of age and lack of identity had a negative impact, whereas burnout and emotional stress factors had a lesser effect. Anxiety caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is thought to have a significant impact on this decision making. Conclusion Establishing the identity of emergency medicine and being faithful to its fundamental mission is a way to increase the rate of re-choice. Decreasing the burden of workload modified according to age is recommended to establish career longevity. The method of machine learning presents us with a new possibility of checking the relevance of survey results quickly and easily.

Objective: It has been reported that emergency physicians experience high levels of depression and psychological burnout due to night shifts and tend to consider early retirement. This study intended to check working hours and intensity, individual health, satisfaction, and overall welfare, given the increase in the numbers of emergency physicians. Methods: The study used the results of the ‘2020 Korean Emergency Physician Survey (KEPS)’ conducted from January 15 to February 26, 2021, which targeted 2,138 emergency physicians registered with the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine. The survey was conducted online through the web and mobile application. Results: One thousand three hundred seven out of the 2,167 emergency physicians (60.3%) registered at the society responded. The average age of the respondents was 42.6 years, and there were 1,148 male emergency physicians and 158 female emergency physicians. The average professional experience was 8.2 years, with 325 professors, 122 commissioned doctors, 648 public servants of which 90 had military service, and 45 medical practitioners. Conclusion In conclusion, the number of working hours of emergency physicians showed a decreasing trend compared to 2010 and 2015. However, emergency physicians often expected early retirement. This suggests that, while the absolute working hours are decreasing, the actual working intensity has not decreased. For the proper development of the emergency medical system, it is necessary to establish a stable working environment for emergency physicians. A systematic study is needed on the working hours and work intensity of emergency physicians.