Background: The nipple is a potential source of pathogens because its lactiferous ducts act as direct conduits from the nipple–areolar complex to the breast parenchyma. Our previous studies identified breast microbiota as a factor in postoperative complications following immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants and acellular dermal matrix. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between preoperative nipple swab microbiota and the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) after autologous breast reconstruction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent autologous breast reconstruction following total mastectomy. Preoperative nipple swab cultures were obtained. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, and complication rates were compared between culture-positive and culture-negative groups. Microbiological data, including antibiotic‑resistance profiles, were collected. Results: Among 39 reconstructed breasts, 18 (46.9%) had positive preoperative nipple cultures. The mean duration of drain placement was significantly longer in the culture‑positive group (14.39±3.96 days) than in the culture‑negative group (12.14±2.76 days, P=0.045). Methicillin‑susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 55.0% of isolates. Of the four SSIs observed, three occurred in patients with positive preoperative cultures. Conclusions Although pathogen strains differed between preoperative and postoperative settings, obtaining preoperative nipple microflora cultures and determining antibiotic‑resistance profiles can guide immediate antibiotic selection for SSIs and enhance postoperative management.

We identified drugs or mechanisms targeting ABCB1 (or P-glycoprotein; P-gp)-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer populations, given that these cells play a key role in tumor recurrence. Specifically, we searched for Akt inhibitors that could increase cytotoxicity in P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells. We performed cytotoxicity assays using five cell lines: 1. MCF-7/ADR, 2. KBV20C cancer cells (P-gp overexpression, vincristine [VIC] resistance, and GSK690693-resistance), 3. MCF-7, 4. normal HaCaT cells (non-P-gp-overexpressing, VIC-sensitive, and GSK690693-sensitive), and 5. MDA-MB-231 cancer cells (non-Pgp overexpression, relatively VIC-resistance, and GSK690693-sensitive). Herein, we found that low-dose perifosine markedly and selectively sensitizes both MCF-7/ADR and KBV20C drug-resistant cancer cells exhibiting P-gp overexpression. Compared with other Akt inhibitors (AZD5363, BKM120, and GSK690693), low-dose perifosine specifically sensitized P-gp-overexpressing resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. Conversely, Akt inhibitors (other than perifosine) could enhance sensitization effects in drugsensitive MCF-7 and HaCaT cells. Considering that perifosine has both an alkyl-phospholipid structure and is an allosteric inhibitor for membrane-localizing Akt-targeting, we examined structurally and functionally similar Akt inhibitors (miltefosine and MK-2206).However, we found that these inhibitors were non-specific, suggesting that the specificity of perifosine in P-gp-overexpressing resistant cancer cells is unrelated to phospholipid localizing membranes or allosteric inhibition. Furthermore, we examined the molecular mechanism of low-dose perifosine in drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. MCF-7/ADR cells exhibited increased apoptosis via G2 arrest and autophagy induction. However, no increase in P-gp-inhibitory activity was observed in drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. Single low-dose perifosine treatment exerted a sensitization effect similar to co-treatment with VIC in P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells, suggesting that single treatment with low-dose perifosine is a more powerful tool against P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells. These findings could contribute to its clinical use as a first-line treatment, explicitly targeting P-gp-overexpressing resistant cancer populations in heterogeneous tumor populations.Therefore, perifosine may be valuable in delaying or reducing cancer recurrence by targeting P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells.

Purpose: Recent development in perioperative treatment of resectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have changed the landscape of early lung cancer management. The ADAURA trial has demonstrated the efficacy of adjuvant osimertinib treatment in resectable NSCLC patients; however, studies are required to show which subgroup of patients are at a high risk of relapse and require adjuvant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. This study evaluated risk factors for postoperative relapse among patients who underwent complete resection. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the Korean Association for Lung Cancer Registry (KALC-R), a database created using a retrospective sampling survey by the Korean Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) and the Lung Cancer Registration Committee. Results: A total of 3,176 patients who underwent curative resection was evaluated. The mean observation time was approximately 35.4 months. Among stage I to IIIA NSCLC patients, the EGFR-mutant subgroup included 867 patients, and 75.2%, 11.2%, and 11.8% were classified as stage I, stage II, and stage III, respectively. Within the EGFR-mutant subgroup, 44 (5.1%) and 121 (14.0%) patients showed early and late recurrence, respectively. Multivariate analysis on association with postoperative relapse among the EGFR-mutant subgroup showed that age, pathologic N and TNM stages, pleural invasion status, and surgery type were independent significant factors. Conclusion Among the population that underwent complete resection for early NSCLC with EGFR mutation, patients with advanced stage, pleural invasion, or limited resection are more likely to show postoperative relapse.

Purpose: Recent development in perioperative treatment of resectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have changed the landscape of early lung cancer management. The ADAURA trial has demonstrated the efficacy of adjuvant osimertinib treatment in resectable NSCLC patients; however, studies are required to show which subgroup of patients are at a high risk of relapse and require adjuvant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. This study evaluated risk factors for postoperative relapse among patients who underwent complete resection. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the Korean Association for Lung Cancer Registry (KALC-R), a database created using a retrospective sampling survey by the Korean Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) and the Lung Cancer Registration Committee. Results: A total of 3,176 patients who underwent curative resection was evaluated. The mean observation time was approximately 35.4 months. Among stage I to IIIA NSCLC patients, the EGFR-mutant subgroup included 867 patients, and 75.2%, 11.2%, and 11.8% were classified as stage I, stage II, and stage III, respectively. Within the EGFR-mutant subgroup, 44 (5.1%) and 121 (14.0%) patients showed early and late recurrence, respectively. Multivariate analysis on association with postoperative relapse among the EGFR-mutant subgroup showed that age, pathologic N and TNM stages, pleural invasion status, and surgery type were independent significant factors. Conclusion Among the population that underwent complete resection for early NSCLC with EGFR mutation, patients with advanced stage, pleural invasion, or limited resection are more likely to show postoperative relapse.

Background: The nipple is a potential source of pathogens because its lactiferous ducts act as direct conduits from the nipple–areolar complex to the breast parenchyma. Our previous studies identified breast microbiota as a factor in postoperative complications following immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants and acellular dermal matrix. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between preoperative nipple swab microbiota and the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) after autologous breast reconstruction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent autologous breast reconstruction following total mastectomy. Preoperative nipple swab cultures were obtained. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, and complication rates were compared between culture-positive and culture-negative groups. Microbiological data, including antibiotic‑resistance profiles, were collected. Results: Among 39 reconstructed breasts, 18 (46.9%) had positive preoperative nipple cultures. The mean duration of drain placement was significantly longer in the culture‑positive group (14.39±3.96 days) than in the culture‑negative group (12.14±2.76 days, P=0.045). Methicillin‑susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 55.0% of isolates. Of the four SSIs observed, three occurred in patients with positive preoperative cultures. Conclusions Although pathogen strains differed between preoperative and postoperative settings, obtaining preoperative nipple microflora cultures and determining antibiotic‑resistance profiles can guide immediate antibiotic selection for SSIs and enhance postoperative management.

We identified drugs or mechanisms targeting ABCB1 (or P-glycoprotein; P-gp)-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer populations, given that these cells play a key role in tumor recurrence. Specifically, we searched for Akt inhibitors that could increase cytotoxicity in P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells. We performed cytotoxicity assays using five cell lines: 1. MCF-7/ADR, 2. KBV20C cancer cells (P-gp overexpression, vincristine [VIC] resistance, and GSK690693-resistance), 3. MCF-7, 4. normal HaCaT cells (non-P-gp-overexpressing, VIC-sensitive, and GSK690693-sensitive), and 5. MDA-MB-231 cancer cells (non-Pgp overexpression, relatively VIC-resistance, and GSK690693-sensitive). Herein, we found that low-dose perifosine markedly and selectively sensitizes both MCF-7/ADR and KBV20C drug-resistant cancer cells exhibiting P-gp overexpression. Compared with other Akt inhibitors (AZD5363, BKM120, and GSK690693), low-dose perifosine specifically sensitized P-gp-overexpressing resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. Conversely, Akt inhibitors (other than perifosine) could enhance sensitization effects in drugsensitive MCF-7 and HaCaT cells. Considering that perifosine has both an alkyl-phospholipid structure and is an allosteric inhibitor for membrane-localizing Akt-targeting, we examined structurally and functionally similar Akt inhibitors (miltefosine and MK-2206).However, we found that these inhibitors were non-specific, suggesting that the specificity of perifosine in P-gp-overexpressing resistant cancer cells is unrelated to phospholipid localizing membranes or allosteric inhibition. Furthermore, we examined the molecular mechanism of low-dose perifosine in drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. MCF-7/ADR cells exhibited increased apoptosis via G2 arrest and autophagy induction. However, no increase in P-gp-inhibitory activity was observed in drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. Single low-dose perifosine treatment exerted a sensitization effect similar to co-treatment with VIC in P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells, suggesting that single treatment with low-dose perifosine is a more powerful tool against P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells. These findings could contribute to its clinical use as a first-line treatment, explicitly targeting P-gp-overexpressing resistant cancer populations in heterogeneous tumor populations.Therefore, perifosine may be valuable in delaying or reducing cancer recurrence by targeting P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells.

Background: The nipple is a potential source of pathogens because its lactiferous ducts act as direct conduits from the nipple–areolar complex to the breast parenchyma. Our previous studies identified breast microbiota as a factor in postoperative complications following immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants and acellular dermal matrix. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between preoperative nipple swab microbiota and the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) after autologous breast reconstruction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent autologous breast reconstruction following total mastectomy. Preoperative nipple swab cultures were obtained. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, and complication rates were compared between culture-positive and culture-negative groups. Microbiological data, including antibiotic‑resistance profiles, were collected. Results: Among 39 reconstructed breasts, 18 (46.9%) had positive preoperative nipple cultures. The mean duration of drain placement was significantly longer in the culture‑positive group (14.39±3.96 days) than in the culture‑negative group (12.14±2.76 days, P=0.045). Methicillin‑susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 55.0% of isolates. Of the four SSIs observed, three occurred in patients with positive preoperative cultures. Conclusions Although pathogen strains differed between preoperative and postoperative settings, obtaining preoperative nipple microflora cultures and determining antibiotic‑resistance profiles can guide immediate antibiotic selection for SSIs and enhance postoperative management.

We identified drugs or mechanisms targeting ABCB1 (or P-glycoprotein; P-gp)-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer populations, given that these cells play a key role in tumor recurrence. Specifically, we searched for Akt inhibitors that could increase cytotoxicity in P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells. We performed cytotoxicity assays using five cell lines: 1. MCF-7/ADR, 2. KBV20C cancer cells (P-gp overexpression, vincristine [VIC] resistance, and GSK690693-resistance), 3. MCF-7, 4. normal HaCaT cells (non-P-gp-overexpressing, VIC-sensitive, and GSK690693-sensitive), and 5. MDA-MB-231 cancer cells (non-Pgp overexpression, relatively VIC-resistance, and GSK690693-sensitive). Herein, we found that low-dose perifosine markedly and selectively sensitizes both MCF-7/ADR and KBV20C drug-resistant cancer cells exhibiting P-gp overexpression. Compared with other Akt inhibitors (AZD5363, BKM120, and GSK690693), low-dose perifosine specifically sensitized P-gp-overexpressing resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. Conversely, Akt inhibitors (other than perifosine) could enhance sensitization effects in drugsensitive MCF-7 and HaCaT cells. Considering that perifosine has both an alkyl-phospholipid structure and is an allosteric inhibitor for membrane-localizing Akt-targeting, we examined structurally and functionally similar Akt inhibitors (miltefosine and MK-2206).However, we found that these inhibitors were non-specific, suggesting that the specificity of perifosine in P-gp-overexpressing resistant cancer cells is unrelated to phospholipid localizing membranes or allosteric inhibition. Furthermore, we examined the molecular mechanism of low-dose perifosine in drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. MCF-7/ADR cells exhibited increased apoptosis via G2 arrest and autophagy induction. However, no increase in P-gp-inhibitory activity was observed in drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. Single low-dose perifosine treatment exerted a sensitization effect similar to co-treatment with VIC in P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells, suggesting that single treatment with low-dose perifosine is a more powerful tool against P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells. These findings could contribute to its clinical use as a first-line treatment, explicitly targeting P-gp-overexpressing resistant cancer populations in heterogeneous tumor populations.Therefore, perifosine may be valuable in delaying or reducing cancer recurrence by targeting P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells.

Purpose: Recent development in perioperative treatment of resectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have changed the landscape of early lung cancer management. The ADAURA trial has demonstrated the efficacy of adjuvant osimertinib treatment in resectable NSCLC patients; however, studies are required to show which subgroup of patients are at a high risk of relapse and require adjuvant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. This study evaluated risk factors for postoperative relapse among patients who underwent complete resection. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the Korean Association for Lung Cancer Registry (KALC-R), a database created using a retrospective sampling survey by the Korean Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) and the Lung Cancer Registration Committee. Results: A total of 3,176 patients who underwent curative resection was evaluated. The mean observation time was approximately 35.4 months. Among stage I to IIIA NSCLC patients, the EGFR-mutant subgroup included 867 patients, and 75.2%, 11.2%, and 11.8% were classified as stage I, stage II, and stage III, respectively. Within the EGFR-mutant subgroup, 44 (5.1%) and 121 (14.0%) patients showed early and late recurrence, respectively. Multivariate analysis on association with postoperative relapse among the EGFR-mutant subgroup showed that age, pathologic N and TNM stages, pleural invasion status, and surgery type were independent significant factors. Conclusion Among the population that underwent complete resection for early NSCLC with EGFR mutation, patients with advanced stage, pleural invasion, or limited resection are more likely to show postoperative relapse.

This report presents the latest statistics on the stroke population in South Korea, sourced from the Clinical Research Collaborations for Stroke in Korea-National Institute for Health (CRCS-K-NIH), a comprehensive, nationwide, multicenter stroke registry. The Korean cohort, unlike western populations, shows a male-to-female ratio of 1.5, attributed to lower risk factors in Korean women. The average ages for men and women are 67 and 73 years, respectively.Hypertension is the most common risk factor (67%), consistent with global trends, but there is a higher prevalence of diabetes (35%) and smoking (21%). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (19%) is lower than in western populations, suggesting effective prevention strategies in the general population. A high incidence of large artery atherosclerosis (38%) is observed, likely due to prevalent intracranial arterial disease in East Asians and advanced imaging techniques.There has been a decrease in intravenous thrombolysis rates, from 12% in 2017–2019 to 10% in 2021, with no improvements in door-to-needle and door-to-puncture times, worsened by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. While the use of aspirin plus clopidogrel for noncardioembolic stroke and direct oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation is well-established, the application of direct oral anticoagulants for non-atrial fibrillation cardioembolic strokes in the acute phase requires further research. The incidence of early neurological deterioration (13%) and the cumulative incidence of recurrent stroke at 3 months (3%) align with global figures. Favorable outcomes at 3 months (63%) are comparable internationally, yet the lack of improvement in dependency at 3 months highlights the need for advancements in acute stroke care.