PURPOSE: Numerous operative techniques have been developed to correct hypospadias. Tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty has recently been reported with good results. We analyzed the surgical outcome and complications in children with hypospadias using TIP urethroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1998 and July 2001, 28 patients with hypospadias were primarily corrected using TIP urethroplasty by one surgeon. The mean age of the patients was 4.2 years. A position of the meatus was coronal in six boys, at the posterior penile shaft in five, glandular in four, penoscrotal in four, at the anterior penile shaft in three, at the midshaft in three and the perineal in three. An 8 or 10 Fr Foley catheter was used as a urethral stent, which was removed at day 12 (10-15). RESULTS: Of the 28 patients, 23 were corrected with TIP urethroplasty only, and the other 5 combined with an onlay island flap. For the management of penile curvature, skin and ventral releases were used in 14 patients; with tunica albuginea placation used in the other 14. Postoperative complications were noted in 3 patients, of whom 2 developed urethrocutaneous fistula and one developed meatal stricture. The cosmetic results were very good in most patients. CONCLUSIONS: TIP urethroplasty can be used for all type of hypospadias. It has advantages, such as an excellent cosmetic appearance, preservation of the urethral plate and a lower complication rate than other urethroplasty techniques. Our results suggest that this technique is recommendable for the management of primary hypospadias as a first choice.
Catheters ; Child ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Fistula ; Humans ; Hypospadias* ; Inlays ; Male ; Postoperative Complications ; Skin ; Stents ; Urethra

The anthelminthic effect of phenylene-diisothiocyanate-(1,4)(=Jonit) was studied on the eighty three cases infected with Ancylostoma duodenale. For the evalution, the number of eggs per gram of feces on all these cases was calculated before treatment. The follow-up for the egg reduction was carried out over a period of four weeks. The sixty-seven cases were treated in dosage schedule of 3 x 100 mg every 12 hours. The cure rates - the rate of negative conversion of eggs - was 74.6 percent and the total egg reduction rate of 94.2% was obtained. The ten out of 14 cases treated in the dosage schedule of 2 x 100 mg every 12 hours showed 100% egg reduction and the cure rate was 71.4%. In this group. the total egg reduction rate of 78.6% was noted. In the dosage schedule of 2 x 50 mg every 12 hours the remainder, two out of total 83 cases showed 100% egg reduction. Side effects were observed as being mild, 51 cases (56.6%) were free of side reactions and the most frequently noted side effects were vertigo and diarrhea. From the above results, it is concluded that Jonit is an effective antheminthic against Ancylostoma duodenale and its effectiveness is quite equivalent to that of a known recommended anti-hookworm products.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Ancylostoma duodenale ; chemotherapy ; phenylene-diisothiocyanate ; Jonit

No abstract available.
Kidney Transplantation*

No abstract available.

Brain size is a useful parameter describing ontogenic character and function. Despite its potential contribution to functional study and diagnosis of disease, it has been hampered by poor assessment tools in vivo and postmortem changes. Recent development of medical imaging techniques such as MRI and CT enable us to understand brain structures in vivo. Many morphometirc studies of the brain has given us new insights in the field of functional neuroanatomy and neuropsychiatric diseases. In spite of these advances, volumetric data of normal Korean brain is not available yet. As an initial approach to Korean standard brain size, we measured the cerebellar volume between 20 and 80 years old Koreans. The MRI films free from lesions in brain was analyzed and measured by NIH image program. The Korean cerebellar volume were ranged between 86.2cm(3) and 141.3 cm(3) and average male cerebellum volume was significantly larger than that of female[male : 118.2+/-11.2cm(3)] > female : 108.0+/-9.6cm(3), P=0.1021E-07<0.05]. And we could not find volume change according to aging process. This is the first report on normal Korean cerebellar volume and the presence of gender difference in the Korean cerebellar volume. These data will be used for the standard useful in studying cerebellar function and cerebellum associated disorders in the future.
Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Brain ; Cerebellum ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Neuroanatomy ; Postmortem Changes

Over the half of last century, epidemiology has witnessed that tobacco causes lung cancer. Therefore, lung cancer lawsuits against tobacco companies have been raised in many countries. However, a discrepancy between epidemiology dealing with population-based causal association and lawsuit dealing with individual-based evidence has happened. This article discusses application of epidemiology to the tobacco lawsuit cases in Korea. Epidemiological studies such as double blind randomized controlled clinical trials and cohort studies give clinicians important information on decision-making for the treatment of an individual patient and predicting prognosis. Epidemiological data have also been applied to the diagnosis of a worker's claim on occupational disease or work-related disorder. Illegality is generally recognized in the court when direct causal relationship between offending action(s) and damage(s) is proved and the damaged must prove illegality of the offender(s). The probability theory was emerged to reduce the responsibility especially when a plaintiff has a difficulty in proving causal relationship and illegality due to long-term duration or complexity or poor condition of the plaintiff such as environmental lawsuit cases. In relation to the probability theory, a theory was raised that a causal relationship is proved legally if an epidemiological causal relationship between offending action(s) and damage(s) is proved. Based on these evidences and theories, we show our opinion that epidemiological data are applicable to the individuals such as tobacco lawsuit cases in Korea.
Cohort Studies ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Lung Neoplasms ; Occupational Diseases ; Probability Theory ; Prognosis ; Tobacco*

BACKGROUND: Nationwide evaluation of physicians' smoking rate may be helpful to predict future trend of smoking in a general population. Thus, we investigated physicians' smoking rate and their habits in Korea. METHODS: Ten percent of physicians among the registered members of the Korean Medical Association were chosen by stratified random sampling and a mail questionnaire survey was conducted in 2000. Of the 2,977 physicians to whom the questionnaires were delivered, 1,248 (41.9%) responded. RESULTS: Overall smoking rate among Korean doctors was 29.9%. Smoking rate of males was 34.9% and that of females was 2.3%. In the current smokers, the most frequently reported age when they had begun smoking were 15~20 years (60.3%), the majority of daily smoking amount was less than or equal to 1 pack (92.5%), and those who were planning to quit smoking within 1 month were 11.9%. In the ex-smokers, the most frequently reported age when they had begun smoking were in their 20s (67.7%) and the most frequently reported age when they had stopped smoking were in their 30s (38.0%). CONCLUSION: The smoking rate of Korean physicians was estimated to be less than that of the general Korean population, but higher than that of physicians in major developed countries. More efforts to lower smoking rate of physicians and regular follow up is needed.
Developed Countries ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Postal Service* ; Prevalence* ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study reports the stages of change in smoking cessation in a representative sample of Korean adult smokers. The study subjects, all adult smokers (n=2,422), were recruited from the second Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2001. The stages of change were categorized using demo-graphic (age and sex), socioeconomic (education, residence, and household income), and smoking characteristics (age at smoking onset, duration of smoking, and number of cigarettes smoked per day). Age-stratified analyses of the association of socioeconomic and smoking characteristics with the stages of change in male and female smokers were also conducted. According to the stages of change, the study population consisted of 37.6% (95% CI, 35.7-39.5) pre-contemplation, 56.0% (54.0-58.0) contemplation, and 6.4% (5.4-7.4) preparation. The associations between the characteristics of the smokers and the stages of change were all statistically significant. The age-stratified analyses showed that all the socioeconomic and smoking characteristics were significantly associated with the stages in males, while education and residence had significant associations in females. This study revealed that a relatively small number of Korean smokers were prepared to quit and the stage distribution might be influenced by demographic, socioeconomic, and smoking char-acteristics.
Socioeconomic Factors ; Smoking Cessation/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Educational Status ; Aged ; Age Factors ; Adult

Orthognathic surgery has steadily evolved, gradually expanding its scope of application beyond its original purpose of simply correcting malocclusion and the facial profile. For instance, it is now used to treat obstructive sleep apnea and to achieve purely cosmetic outcomes. Recent developments in three-dimensional digital technology are being utilized throughout the entire process of orthognathic surgery, from establishing a surgical plan to printing the surgical splint. These processes have made it possible to perform more sophisticated surgery. The goal of this review article is to introduce current trends in the field of orthognathic surgery and controversies that are under active discussion. The role of a plastic surgeon is not limited to performing orthognathic surgery itself, but also encompasses deep involvement throughout the entire process, including the set-up of surgical occlusion and overall surgical planning. The authors summarize various aspects in the field of orthognathic surgery with the hope of providing helpful information both for plastic surgeons and orthodontists who are interested in orthognathic surgery.

To date, there have been no reports of patients showing a Tessier number 7 cleft with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Furthermore, no studies have established the sequence, plan, or timing of surgical methods for treating patients presenting the above anomalies simultaneously. We report a case of a Tessier number 7 cleft with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Two months after birth, lip adhesion was performed on the unilateral complete cleft lip and total excision was performed on the skin tag. At 4 months of age, Tessier number 7 cleft was corrected. At 6 months of age, surgery involving two small triangular flaps was performed on the unilateral incomplete cleft lip after performing lip adhesion. At 13 months of age, two-flap palatoplasty with a vomer flap was performed on the complete cleft palate. At 6 years of age, open rhinoplasty was performed on the unilateral cleft lip nose deformity. At 9 years of age, bone grafting was performed for the alveolar cleft. At follow-up appointments up to 13 years of age, there were no major complications. Here, we present this patient, surgical procedures and timelines, and show our results demonstrating good postoperative outcomes.