The authors studied anxiety-depression using New Anxiety-Depression Scale (NADS) in the subjects of 2,564 male and 1,252 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of NADS during the periods from January to February 1987, and applied ANOVA and t-test on anxiety depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean average of total scores between male and female students: male students scored 33.41±8.76 and female students scored 35.34±9.02 (P<0.001). The anxiety-depression scores relating to the items of sleep disturbance, apprehension, facial flushing and fatigue were relatively scored higher in both groups. One hundred and thirty nine male students (5.4%) showed seriously higher degree of anxiety-depression scores of 50 or more, while eighty eight female students (7.0%) showed the same scores. There was a strong tendency toward higher anxiety-depression scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, colleges, departments, familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic views of self image in the past, presents and future in both groups (P<0.001).
Anxiety ; Atmosphere ; Depression ; Fatigue ; Female ; Flushing ; Humans ; Male ; NAD ; Parents ; Psychology ; Recognition (Psychology)

PURPOSE: Androgen plays an important role during penile development and is essential for libido in the male, but its role in the regulation and maintenance of the erectile response has been controversial. We investigated the effect of castration and androgen replacement on penile erection in the adult rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Spargue-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, castration, and androgen replacement after castration. Androgen (testosterone, DHT) was administrated for 7 days at week 1, 2, 3, and 4 after castration. The intracavernosal pressure was recorded after submitting the rats to cavernous nerve stimulation. The percentages of cells in the penis expressing Ki-67 (proliferative index) and of apoptotic cells, assessed by morphologic analysis (apoptotic index), were analyzed. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was measured by the arginine-citrulline conversion ratio, and expression of nNOS and eNOS was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULT: After castration, a significant increase was noted in the apoptotic index, with a decrease in the expression of nNOS and eNOS. Replacement of androgen increased the proliferative index and the expression of cavernous nerve stimulation; NOS activity and erectile function were restored with androgen replacement. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that the penile tissue and NOS activity of the adult rat are affected by the androgen milieu and androgen such as testosterone and DHT play a direct role in the erectile function at the level of the erectile tissue.
Adult* ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Castration ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Penile Erection ; Penis* ; Rats* ; Testosterone

Lymphangioma is known to be one of the unusual disorders. It involes every area of skin but the scrotum is very rare site. We report a case of cavernons lymphangioma in a 19-year-old man, who complained of multiple ves icle-like papules, serous fluid leakage and swelling of the scrotum for 2 years. Histopathologic findings showed large, irregularly shaped cystic speces lined by a single layer of endothelium in the subcutaneous tissue and between the muscle bundles, These clinical and histopathilogical findings are thought to fit in cavernous lymphangioma of the scrotum.
Endothelium ; Humans ; Lymphangioma* ; Scrotum* ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Young Adult

Bipotent progenitors for T and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are thought to exist among early precursor thymocytes or liver lymphocytes. The identification of such a progenitor population or mature NK cells in such organs remains undefined. Here we report the identification of a novel receptor of NK cells, p58 (HLA class I-specific inhibitory receptors), in fetal thymocytes and fetal liver lymphocytes. Our finding suggests the NK cells mature in the developmental stage during feta1 ontogeny. Flow cytometric analysis revealed p58 positive cells in thymocytes or in fetal liver lymphocytes and reverse transcription PCR also showed amplification of p58 RNA. The result of single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) showed it discriminates one or two base pair differences of the p58 gene. Although the question still remains as to whether the expression of p58 is due to the NK cells or natural T cells, it is clear the p58 is expressed in fetal thymocytes or liver lymphocytes. And SSCP analysis using appropriate sets of primers used in this study, is helpful to study the diversity of p58.
Base Pairing ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Liver* ; Lymphocytes* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA ; T-Lymphocytes ; Thymocytes*

Anti-idiotype antibody (anti-id Ab) which recognizes idiotope in the variable region of immunoglobulin (Ig) can regulate Ab production by B cells in vivo and in vitro. Although it has been reported that anti-id Ab can suppress IgM production by lymphocytes or hybridoma cells without suppression of cell proliferation, the regulatory mechanism of anti-id Ab is not completely understood. We studied the effects of anti-id Ab on the production of IgG class anti-DNA Ab by hybridoma cells, on the proliferation of cells, and on the transcription levels of Ig genes. In contrast to suppressive effect of anti-id Ab on the production of IgM previously reported by others, stimulatory effects of anti-id Ab on the production of IgG by hybridoma cells as well as the proliferation of these .cells were observed. However, little effect of anti-id Ab on the transcription levels of Ig genes was observed. These results suggest that anti-id Ab can increase Ab production by stimulation of cell proliferation. Furthermore, these results suggest that the effect of anti-id Ab on the production of Ab may be determined by the difference in class of Ab produced by hybridoma cells following the treatment with anti-id Ab.
Antibody Formation* ; B-Lymphocytes ; Cell Proliferation ; DNA* ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Hybridomas* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins ; Lymphocytes

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is contained in pancreatic islet beta-cells although its physiological role in pancreatic exocrine function is completely unknown at the present time. Recently, we have reported that exogenous GABA enhances secretagogue-evoked exocrine secretion in the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. This study was aimed to investigate an effect of exogenous GABA on pancreatic exocrine secretion in vivo evoked by intestinal stimulation. Rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.4 g/kg) after 24-h fast with free access to water. GABA (10, 30 and 100micromol/kg/h), given intravenously, did not change spontaneous pancreatic amylase secretion but dose-dependently elevated the amylase secretion evoked by intraduodenal sodium oleate (0.05 mmol/h). GABA (30micromol/kg/h) also further increased the amylase secretion stimulated by CCK+(30 pmol/kg/h) plus secretin (20 pmol/kg/h) but failed to modify the amylase secretion induced by secretin alone. GABA (10, 30 and 100micromol/kg/h) also dose-dependently elevated pancreatic amylase secretion evoked by CCK+alone. Bicuculline (100micromol/kg/h), a GABAA-receptor antagonist, markedly reduced the GABA-enhanced pancreatic responses to sodium oleate, CCK+plus secretin or CCK+alone. The results indicate that GABA enhances the sodium oleate-evoked pancreatic amylase secretion via GABAA-receptors in anesthetized rats, which may account for elevating the action of CCK+released by sodium oleate.
Amylases* ; Animals ; Bicuculline ; Cholecystokinin ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid* ; Islets of Langerhans ; Oleic Acid* ; Pancreas ; Rats* ; Secretin ; Sodium* ; Urethane ; Water

The authors studied anxiety-depression using New Anxiety-Depression Scale (NADS), in the subjects of 3,499male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of NADS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on anxiety-depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total scores between male and female students: male students scored 31.49±6.57 female students scored 33.37±6.84 (p<0.001) The anxiety-depression scores relating to the items of sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libido, and fatigue were relatively higher in both groups. Ninety-nine male students (2.8%) showed seriously high degree anxiety-depression scores of 50 or higher, while forty female students (3.0%) showed the same scores. There was a strong tendency toward higher anxiety-depression scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, colleges, departments and familiarity of parents, and those who had pessimistic views of self image in the past, present, or future in both groups (p<0.001). The students whose maturation locations were below city level, showed higher level of anxiety-depression scores in both groups (p<0.05). NADS and SAS, SDS, and Leeds scale were correlated significantly in 0.64, 0.61, and 0.77 of correlation coefficient.
Atmosphere ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; NAD ; Parents ; Psychology ; Recognition (Psychology)

Bone destruction is primarily mediated by osteoclastic bone resorption, and cancer cells stimulate the formation and activation of osteoclasts next to metastatic foci. Accumulating evidences indicate that receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) is the ultimate extracellular mediator that stimulates osteoclast differentiation into mature osteoclasts. In contrast, osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibits osteoclast development. In order to elucidate a mechanism for cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis, cells from a human breast cancer line, MDA-MB-231, were directly co-cultured with ST2, MC3T3-E1, or with primary mouse calvarial cells. Osteoclast-like cells and tartarate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities were then quantitated. We examined these cell lines and samples from breast cancer by RT-PCR for the expressions of OPG and RANKL mRNA. Compared to controls, co-culture of MDA-MB-231 cells with stromal or osteoblastic cells induced an increase in number of osteoclasts and TRAP activities. MDA-MB-231 cells alone or breast cancer samples did not express RANKL mRNA. However, co-culture of these cancer cells with stromal or osteoblastic cells induced RANKL mRNA expression and decreased OPG mRNA expression. These experiments demonstrate that direct interactions between breast cancer and stromal or osteoblastic cells induce osteoclastogenesis in vitro through modulating RANKL expression.
3T3 Cells ; Acid Phosphatase/metabolism ; Animals ; Bone Neoplasms/*metabolism/*secondary ; Breast Neoplasms/*pathology ; Carrier Proteins/*biosynthesis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; Glycoproteins/*biosynthesis ; Human ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*biosynthesis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteoblasts/metabolism ; Osteoclasts/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*biosynthesis ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time Factors

PURPOSE: We hypothesize that bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) may act through the regulation of various isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) [inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and neuronal (nNOS)] genes and proteins expressions in rat bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult female Sprague Dawley rats (200-250g) were injected into the urinary bladder transurethrally with BCG (22 rats) or saline (22 control rats) and after 2, 4, 6, and 12 hrs, and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days, the bladders were harvested. Normal and BCG-treated rat bladders were analyzed for mRNA expressions for iNOS, eNOS, and nNOS by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR). Protein expressions were determined by Western blotting analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: mRNA expression for iNOS was induced after 2 hrs of BCG injection in the rat bladder. Gene expression for iNOS was highest at 6 hrs and followed by decreased expression from 1 day, reaching its lowest level at 5 days. eNOS mRNA expression was detected in control bladders but its level was higher in the BCG-treated animals. nNOS mRNA expression was present in all the samples but did not change after BCG treatment. Western blotting analysis confirmed these findings. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that eNOS was present mainly in endothelium, while iNOS was detected in stroma and inflammatory cells, and nNOS in epithelium and smooth muscle of rat bladder. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that BCG treatment up-regulates gene and protein expressions of iNOS and eNOS in rat bladders, suggesting that BCG action may be mediated through NOS pathways.
Adult ; Animals ; Bacillus* ; Blotting, Western ; Endothelium ; Epithelium ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Muscle, Smooth ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide Synthase* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Protein Isoforms ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger ; Urinary Bladder*

We report a case of renoduodenal fistula resulting from papillary renal cell carcinoma. A 72-year-old woman presented with nausea, diarrhea and abdominal discomfort. Abdominal CT, UGI and sinography revealed fistula between the right renal mass and the duodenum. Radical nephrectomy and duodenal wedge resection was performed and a friable mass with a fistula between the lower pole mass of the right kidney and second portion of the duodenum was found. Histologic evaluation for renal mass showed papillary renal cell carcinoma. We describe this case and review the previously reports of renoduodenal fistulae.
Aged ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Diarrhea ; Duodenum ; Female ; Fistula* ; Humans ; Kidney ; Nausea ; Nephrectomy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed