The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing condition of tomato powder and sugar for producing chiffon cake. The experiment was designed according to the central composite design of response surface, which yielded ten experimental points, including two replicates. Physiochemical and sensory properties were measured, and theses values applied to mechanical models. A canonical form and perturbation plot showed the influence of each ingredient on the final product mixture. The results of the physiochemical analysis of each sample showed significant differences in sweetness (P<0.01), color L (P<0.001), color a (P< 0.001), color b (P<0.05), hardness (P<0.05), and cohesiveness (P<0.01). The sensory measurements were significantly different in color (P<0.05), appearance (P<0.05), flavor (P<0.05), sweetness (P<0.01), moistness (P<0.05), and overall acceptability (P<0.05). The optimal formulation, calculated using the numerical and graphical method, was determined to be 59.27 g tomato powder and 285.66 g sugar. The sensory evaluation showed significantly higher preferences in the color, flavor, appearance, texture, sweetness, tenderness, moistness and overall quality of the optimized chiffon cake compared to the controlled chiffon cake. The optimized chiffon cake also showed a high antioxidative activity compared to the controlled chiffon cake. Our results show that chiffon cake prepared with tomato powder enhances sensory characteristics and antioxidative activity.
Hardness ; Lycopersicon esculentum

Collagen is the major matrix protein in dermis and consists of proline and lysine, which are hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase (PH) and lysyl hydroxylase (LH) with cofactors such as vitamin C, oxygen, iron (Fe2+), ketoglutarate and silicon. The collagen degradation is regulated by matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), of which is the major collagen-degrading proteinase whereas tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) bind to MMP-1 thereby inhibiting MMP-1 activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of vitamin C, silicon and iron on mRNA, protein expressions of PH, LH, MMP-1 and TIMP-1. The physiological concentrations of vitamin C (0-100 micrometer), silicon (0-50 micrometer) and iron (Fe2+:0-50 micrometer) were treated to human dermal fibroblast cells (HS27 cells) for 3 or 5days. The expression level of mRNA and protein was increased in not only PH but also LH when cells were incubated with vitamin C. A similar increase in LH mRNA or protein expression occurred when cells were incubated with silicon. Our results suggest that treatment of vitamin C and silicon increased mRNA and protein expression of PH and LH in human dermal fibroblast.
Ascorbic Acid ; Collagen ; Dermis ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Iron ; Lysine ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 ; Oxygen ; Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase ; Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase ; Proline ; RNA, Messenger ; Silicon ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; Vitamins

Free amino acids in epidermis function as a major component of Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF), which maintains the optimal level of water in skin even at the low humidity. In fact, the depletion of free amino acids is reported in the epidermis of atopic dermatitis, the skin condition involving dryness. As an effort searching the dietary source for improving the level of water and free amino acid in epidermis, the dietary effects of silk protein, sericin (S) and fibroin (F) on trans epidermal water loss (TEWL), and plasma and epidermal levels of free amino acids were compared in this study. Thirty of male NC/Nga mice, an animal model of atopic dermatitis, were divided into three groups: group CA as an atopic control with control diet, group S: 1% sericin diet and group F: 1% fibroin diet. Ten of male BALB/c mice were served as group C (control group) with control diet. All mice were fed on diet and water ad libitum for 10weeks. Dry skin condition was established in group CA as TEWL was increased (148.7% of group C). In parallel, epidermal level of glutamate, one of major amino acids functioning as NMF, was dramatically decreased and epidermal levels of methionine and alanine were inversely elevated. Dietary supplementation of sericin (group S) reduced TEWL at the similar level with group C and increased epidermal levels of glutamate as well as serine and glycine, the other major amino acids as NMF. Despite a marked decrease of methionine and alanine, the reduction of TEWL and epidermal levels of glutamate, serine and glycine of group F were less than of group S. Furthermore, in contrast to similar levels of other free amino acids in plasma and epidermis of group S and group C, plasma and epidermal levels of other free amino acids, specifically phenylalanine, isoleucine, cysteine and tyrosine in epidermis of group F, were significantly higher than of group C. Together, our data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of sericin is more effective at improving dry skin condition that paralleled with the normalization of free amino acids in plasma and epidermis of NC/Nga mice.
Alanine ; Amino Acids ; Animals ; Cysteine ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Diet ; Dietary Supplements ; Epidermis ; Fibroins* ; Glutamic Acid ; Glycine ; Humans ; Humidity ; Isoleucine ; Male ; Methionine ; Mice* ; Models, Animal ; Phenylalanine ; Plasma* ; Sericins* ; Serine ; Silk* ; Skin ; Tyrosine

So far more than 350 drugs have been reported to be the cause for lung injury and the incidence tends to increase. Although infiltrative lung disease is the most common pattern of drug-induced lung injury, it can appear in the form of alveolar changes, vasculitis and other injury. Herbal medicine also has been known as a cause for interstitial pneumonitis, but it is difficult to identify the key herbal medicine because of the complex components of the contents. Till date, there is no report of pneumonitis caused by golden thread. Here we report a case of a 54-year-old male who developed interstitial pneumonitis with acute liver injury caused by herbal medicine made from golden thread.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Herbal Medicine ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Lung Injury ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia ; Vasculitis

Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease is one of the smoking-related interstitial lung diseases. Histopathologically, it shows respiratory bronchiolitis, which is characterized by the accumulation of pigmented macrophages within the respiratory bronchioles, accompanying peribronchiolar inflammation. Clinically, it is presented with respiratory symptoms such as a cough, sputum and dyspnea on exertion. It is well known that the incidence of malignancy in interstitial lung disease is high, but in respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease the report of accompanying malignancy is rare. Here we report a case of a 60-year-old male heavy smoker presented with a cough, sputum and clubbing finger. A chest computed tomography (CT) of the patient did not show any shadow suspected of malignancy, but adenocarcinoma was found on a transbronchial lung biopsy and on a surgical lung biopsy with respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease.
Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy ; Bronchioles ; Bronchiolitis ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Cough ; Dyspnea ; Fingers ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammation ; Lung ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Macrophages ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sputum ; Thorax