OBJECTIVES: Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), the influence of age and the mediating role of inflammation have seldom been explored. This study investigated this association while considering the modifying effects of age and inflammatory status. METHODS: This study included 29,491 participants from the 2012-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The community periodontal index (CPI) was assessed by trained dentists using the World Health Organization CPI probe. PD was defined as a CPI score of 3 or 4. Pre-existing and incident DM were identified based on serum glucose levels, a history of DM diagnosis, medication use, and insulin injections. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were utilized as an indicator of chronic inflammation. RESULTS: PD and DM exhibited a significant association, which was more pronounced with incident DM than with pre-existing DM, particularly in individuals younger than 65 years. Among those aged 20-44 years, the odds ratio of incident DM for CPI=4 versus CPI=0 was 2.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 6.09). High hs-CRP levels (>3 mg/L) were also associated with DM, especially in individuals with PD. This association was stronger with incident DM than with pre-existing DM. A notable joint effect was observed in younger individuals and those with PD. CONCLUSIONS The association between PD and DM was more pronounced in younger age groups and those with higher levels of inflammation. Therefore, early interventions for PD in younger patients may be crucial for preventing DM.

OBJECTIVES: Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), the influence of age and the mediating role of inflammation have seldom been explored. This study investigated this association while considering the modifying effects of age and inflammatory status. METHODS: This study included 29,491 participants from the 2012-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The community periodontal index (CPI) was assessed by trained dentists using the World Health Organization CPI probe. PD was defined as a CPI score of 3 or 4. Pre-existing and incident DM were identified based on serum glucose levels, a history of DM diagnosis, medication use, and insulin injections. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were utilized as an indicator of chronic inflammation. RESULTS: PD and DM exhibited a significant association, which was more pronounced with incident DM than with pre-existing DM, particularly in individuals younger than 65 years. Among those aged 20-44 years, the odds ratio of incident DM for CPI=4 versus CPI=0 was 2.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 6.09). High hs-CRP levels (>3 mg/L) were also associated with DM, especially in individuals with PD. This association was stronger with incident DM than with pre-existing DM. A notable joint effect was observed in younger individuals and those with PD. CONCLUSIONS The association between PD and DM was more pronounced in younger age groups and those with higher levels of inflammation. Therefore, early interventions for PD in younger patients may be crucial for preventing DM.

OBJECTIVES: Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), the influence of age and the mediating role of inflammation have seldom been explored. This study investigated this association while considering the modifying effects of age and inflammatory status. METHODS: This study included 29,491 participants from the 2012-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The community periodontal index (CPI) was assessed by trained dentists using the World Health Organization CPI probe. PD was defined as a CPI score of 3 or 4. Pre-existing and incident DM were identified based on serum glucose levels, a history of DM diagnosis, medication use, and insulin injections. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were utilized as an indicator of chronic inflammation. RESULTS: PD and DM exhibited a significant association, which was more pronounced with incident DM than with pre-existing DM, particularly in individuals younger than 65 years. Among those aged 20-44 years, the odds ratio of incident DM for CPI=4 versus CPI=0 was 2.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 6.09). High hs-CRP levels (>3 mg/L) were also associated with DM, especially in individuals with PD. This association was stronger with incident DM than with pre-existing DM. A notable joint effect was observed in younger individuals and those with PD. CONCLUSIONS The association between PD and DM was more pronounced in younger age groups and those with higher levels of inflammation. Therefore, early interventions for PD in younger patients may be crucial for preventing DM.

OBJECTIVES: Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), the influence of age and the mediating role of inflammation have seldom been explored. This study investigated this association while considering the modifying effects of age and inflammatory status. METHODS: This study included 29,491 participants from the 2012-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The community periodontal index (CPI) was assessed by trained dentists using the World Health Organization CPI probe. PD was defined as a CPI score of 3 or 4. Pre-existing and incident DM were identified based on serum glucose levels, a history of DM diagnosis, medication use, and insulin injections. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were utilized as an indicator of chronic inflammation. RESULTS: PD and DM exhibited a significant association, which was more pronounced with incident DM than with pre-existing DM, particularly in individuals younger than 65 years. Among those aged 20-44 years, the odds ratio of incident DM for CPI=4 versus CPI=0 was 2.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 6.09). High hs-CRP levels (>3 mg/L) were also associated with DM, especially in individuals with PD. This association was stronger with incident DM than with pre-existing DM. A notable joint effect was observed in younger individuals and those with PD. CONCLUSIONS The association between PD and DM was more pronounced in younger age groups and those with higher levels of inflammation. Therefore, early interventions for PD in younger patients may be crucial for preventing DM.

Sodium and potassium intake was assessed on the basis of its respective excretion levels in 24 hr urine samples. However, owing to the inconvenience of collection, we evaluated random spot urine for alternative sodium and potassium excretion markers. We included 250 patients who submitted 24 hr- and spot urine for clinical tests. However, 22 patients who showed 24 hr urine creatinine excretion levels <500 mg/day were excluded, because these samples possibly resulted from incomplete urine collection. Moreover, 24 patients were excluded because of their use of diuretics during the urine collection period. We observed significant correlations between 24 hr urine sodium excretion and both the sodium/creatinine (r=0.34, P<0.0001) and the sodium/specific gravity unit (SGU) ratios (r=0.19, P=0.007) in random urine samples. Similarly, 24 hr urine potassium excretion and both the spot urine potassium/creatinine (r=0.47, P<0.0001) and potassium/SGU ratios (r=0.28, P<0.0001) were significantly correlated. Although the estimated sodium/creatinine and potassium/creatinine ratios showed a significant correlation with 24 hr urine sodium and potassium excretion, respectively, further studies are required to develop a spot urine test for individualized monitoring of sodium and potassium excretion.
Biomarkers/urine ; Creatinine/*urine ; Humans ; Hypertension/pathology/urine ; Potassium/*urine ; Sodium/*urine ; Urinalysis ; Urine Specimen Collection

BACKGROUND: Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection remains prevalent, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has made the treatment and control of gonorrhea more difficult. Therefore, it is important to compare isolation methods and transport media to overcome gonorrhea via epidemiologic understanding and to determine co-infection rates with other sexually transmitted diseases among primary-care hospitals. In this study, we determine the recovery rate of transferred specimens according to type of transport media and co-infection rate using PCR. METHODS: Genital specimens were collected at three primary-care hospitals from January 2010 to November 2012 using transgrow media and commercial BD transport media. Culture and multiplex PCR were conducted to isolate N. gonorrhoeae. RESULTS: Among 162 specimens, 57 (35.2%) isolates were recovered, and 146 (90.1%) specimens were positive for multiplex PCR. The recovery rate was 29.9% (78/261) using transgrow media and 19.2% (50/261) using BD transport media. The most common co-infected bacteria with N. gonorrhoeae was Chlamydia trachomatis (15.8%), followed by Mycoplasma hominis (6.2%) and M. genitalium (3.4%). CONCLUSION: Under general transport conditions, the rate of recovery of N. gonorrhoeae was as low as 19.2-29.9% depending on the type of transport media, suggesting that molecular diagnostic methods are required to detect the remaining 70% of gonorrhea-infected patients. Co-infection with other sexually transmitted diseases was not rare, and other tests for accurate additional antimicrobial regimens should also be considered.
Bacteria ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; Coinfection* ; Gonorrhea ; Humans ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Mycoplasma hominis ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae* ; Pathology, Molecular ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence* ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

PURPOSE: Patients with brain damage suffer from limitations in performing the activities of daily living (ADL) because of their motor function and visual perception impairment. The aim of this study was to help improve the motor function and visual perception ability of patients with brain damage by providing them with virtual reality-based contents. The usability results of the patients and specialists group were also evaluated. METHODS: The ADL contents consisted of living room, kitchen, veranda, and convenience store, similar to a real home environment, and these were organized by a rehabilitation specialist (e.g., neurologist, physiotherapist, and occupational therapist). The contents consisted of tasks, such as turning on the living room lights, organizing the drawers, organizing the kitchen, watering the plants on the veranda, and buying products at convenience stores. To evaluate the usability of the virtual reality-based visual cognitive rehabilitation service, general elderly subjects (n=11), stroke patients (n=7), stroke patients with visual impairment (n=4), and rehabilitation specialists (n=11) were selected. The questionnaires were distributed to the subjects who were using the service, and the subjective satisfaction of individual users was obtained as data. The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software. The general characteristics of the users and the evaluation scores of the experts were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The usability test result of this study showed that the mean value of the questionnaire related to content understanding and difficulty was high, between 4–5 points. CONCLUSION: The virtual reality rehabilitation service of this study is an efficient service that can improve the function, interest, and motivation of stroke patients.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Brain ; Cognitive Therapy ; Humans ; Motivation ; Physical Therapists ; Rehabilitation ; Specialization ; Stroke ; Vision Disorders ; Visual Perception ; Water

Although rare, intraoperative allergic reaction can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical diagnosis is difficult as there is a need to differentiate from other causes of perioperative adverse reactions, such as side effects of administered drugs, or patients' medical conditions which may present with bronchospasm or hypotension. Intraoperative allergic reaction may be triggered by various agents. Among those, opioid-induced allergic reaction is scarcely reported. We report a case of a patient who has previously had allergic reaction to meperidine and intraoperatively showed fentanyl induced anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reaction with literature reviews.
Anaphylaxis ; Bronchial Spasm ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypotension ; Meperidine

In fully edentulous cases, which are accompanied by severe residual ridge resorption and impairment of supporting tissues of complete dentures, proper diagnosis and systemic treatment planning are required for the improvement in retention, stability, and support of prosthesis. Provisional restoration, while it is unfamiliar in complete denture restoration, can be used as a valuable tool, which makes possible to evaluate the stability of complete dentures and receive feedback from patients in complex clinical situations. In this case, a provisional denture was used to improve stability of impression, polished, and occlusal surfaces of complete denture, and to consider esthetic requirements before final denture construction. The result was clinically satisfactory in terms of functional and esthetical aspects.
Denture, Complete ; Dentures* ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Mouth, Edentulous ; Prostheses and Implants

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative option for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), but the prevalence of the disease in elderly people limits broad application of the procedure, particularly in lower risk group. Azacitidine has been recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for MDS regardless of subtype on French-American-British classification. Adverse effects of azacitidine include gastrointestinal, hematological and infusion-related reactions. Azacitidine induced hepatotoxicity has been reported mainly in patients with previous hepatobiliary disease, e.g., extensive tumor infiltration in liver, liver cirrhosis and cholelithiasis. We report here a case of azacitidine-induced hepatitis under no predisposition to hepatobiliary disease.
Aged ; Azacitidine ; Cholelithiasis ; Classification ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes* ; Prevalence ; United States Food and Drug Administration