BACKGROUND: It is well known that administration of nutrients, especially protein and amino acids mixtures, stimulates energy expenditure in the unanesthetized patients. Also, there were reports that the mechanisms for nutrient-induced thermogenesis are not impaired during general anaesthesia. The enhanced amino acid-induced thermogenesis would counteract the anaesthesia-induced reduction in metabolism and prevent the development of hypothermia. The present study was designed to see if completing the amino acid infusion before induction of anaesthesia would induce heat production, which would promote energy expenditure and thereby counteract the development of anaesthesia-induced hypothermia. METHODS: Body temperatures and arterial blood gases were measured in 48 patients during perioperative period. 24 patients had an amino acid mixture of 227 cal infused over 2 hours before anesthesia and 24 control patients received Hartman's solution. RESULTS: Amino acid infusion attenuated the development of hypothermia during the period from 60 min to 105 min after induction of anaesthesia compared to control group, however, did not prevent overall hypothermia throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: This result may indicate amino acid infusion before anesthesia can be an adjuvant to prevent intraoperative hypothermia.
Amino Acids ; Anesthesia ; Body Temperature ; Energy Metabolism ; Gases ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Metabolism ; Perioperative Period ; Thermogenesis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Whether uric acid is a predictor of cardiovascular events remains controversial. We sought to evaluate the effects of the serum uric acid levels on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in the patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 660 consecutive patients with CAD, and they were followed up for a mean of 27 months (maximum: 62 months). The recorded MACEs included acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to de novo lesion during follow up, congestive heart failure (CHF) and sudden cardiac death. RESULTS: In the CAD patients with a uric acid level < or =3.88 mg/dL (the lowest quartile), as compared with those CAD patients with uric acid levels >5.74 mg/dL (the highest quartile), the MACE rate increased from 7.2% to 20.1%. On univariate Cox regression analysis, the highest uric acid quartile was a predictor of AMI, CHF and MACE. The absolute serum uric acid level was predictive of PCI, CHF and MACE. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the independent predictors of MACE were presentation with acute coronary syndrome (HR 1.70, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.78, p=0.033), multi-vessel disease (HR 2.43, 95% CI: 1.44 to 4.12, p=0.001), and the uric acid levels (HR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.43, p=0.010), and the highest uric acid quartile (HR 2.54, 95% CI: 1.58 to 4.10, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The serum uric acid level and multi-vessel disease are associated with subsequent cardiovascular events in the patients with CAD.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Prognosis ; Stroke ; Transplants ; Uric Acid*

No abstract available.
Endocarditis* ; Hypertension ; Mitral Valve

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is known to be associated with adverse cardiovascular events in the patients with risk factors or established atherosclerosis. However, the prognostic importance of carotid IMT is uncertain in the patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We sought to evaluate the association of carotid IMT with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and restenosis in the patients who underwent PCI. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 308 consecutive patients who underwent PCI, and they were followed up for mean of 30.6+/-13.3 months. Base on the median values of carotid IMT, which was measured in the right common carotid artery at the time of PCI with using high-resolution ultrasound and a semiautomatic method, the subjects were divided into the thick (n=156, 1.003+/-0.14 mm) and thin IMT (n=152, 0.748+/-0.07 mm) groups, and they were followed up for at least 1 year. RESULTS: Patients with thick carotid IMT were older (61+/-9 years vs. 57+/-10 years, respectively, p=0.001), had a higher body mass index (25.0+/-3.0 vs. 23.9+/-4.0, respectively, p=0.017), a history of previous myocardial infarction (20% vs. 9%, respectively, p=0.008), more multivessel disease and more restenosis (34.6% vs. 23.0%, respectively, p=0.025) than those patients with a thin carotid IMT. However other MACEs such as death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure and target lesion revascularization did not show any significant differences between the two groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that carotid IMT was an independent predictor of restenosis (odds ratio: 1.754, 95% confidence interval: 1.1296 to 2.726, p=0.012). CONCLUSION: An increased carotid IMT is associated with restenosis, but it does not have clinical prognostic importance for the patients who underwent PCI during a mean follow up period of 31 months.
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; Atherosclerosis ; Body Mass Index ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention* ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; Ultrasonography

Electrical injury may lead to a conduction disorder of the heart. We report here on a 36-year-old man, who was treated with a permanent pacemaker, after an electrical injury induced high-degree atrioventricular block and clinical manifestations (dizziness and dyspnea).
Adult ; Atrioventricular Block* ; Electric Injuries ; Heart ; Heart Conduction System ; Humans

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: While the clinical significance of descending thoracic aorta intima-media thickness (DTA-IMT) remains unclear, common carotid IMT (CIMT) is known to be associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with atherosclerotic disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 104 patients (mean age, 59 yrs; 69 male) with angiographically proven coronary atherosclerosis underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for DTA-IMT measurement and carotid scanning for CIMT measurement. The patients were divided into two groups based on the median IMT value, and they were followed up for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality for a period of 50+/-21 months. RESULTS: Patients having a higher DTA-IMT value (n=44, >2.1 mm) had a higher chance of stroke (6.7% vs. 2.8%, p=0.04), peripheral vascular disease (6.7% vs. 1.9%, p=0.02), and death (2.9% vs. 0%, p=0.04) than those who had lower DTA-IMT values (n=60, < or =2.1 mm). The patients who had higher CIMT values (n=49, >0.089 mm) had a higher chance of peripheral vascular disease (16% vs 2%, p=0.009) than those having lower IMT values (n=55, < or =0.089 mm). However, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of recurrent chest pain, heart failure, syncope, myocardial infarction or chronic kidney disease during the follow-up period. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that increased DTA-IMT was associated with stroke (OR, 4.29; 95% CI, 1.076-17.181; p=0.039) and peripheral vascular disease (OR, 9.37; 95% CI, 1.571-55.499; p=0.014), whereas increased CIMT was associated with peripheral vascular disease (OR, 14.365; 95% CI, 1.050-196.540; p=0.046). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that descending thoracic aorta IMT is more closely associated with prognosis in patients with coronary atherosclerosis than CIMT.
Aorta ; Aorta, Thoracic* ; Atherosclerosis ; Carotid Arteries ; Chest Pain ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction ; Peripheral Vascular Diseases ; Prognosis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Stroke ; Syncope

Insulin resistance (IR) plays a significant role in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the natural course of insulin sensitivity under NAFLD remained unclear. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the effect of NAFLD on insulin resistance. A total of 20,628 Korean men without homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR < 2.7) were followed-up for 5 years. They were serially checked for HOMA-IR to monitor the development of IR (HOMA-IR ≥ 2.7). The incidence rate of IR increased according to the degree of NAFLD (normal: 11.6%, mild: 28.8%, moderate to severe: 40.5%, P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards model showed that HRs (95% CI) for IR increased proportionally to the degree of NAFLD (mild: 1.19 [1.02–1.39], moderate to severe: 1.32 [1.08–1.57]). IR was more potentially associated with the more progressive NAFLD than normal and milder state. In addition, NAFLD was the independent risk factor of the development of IR. These results suggest the potential availability of NAFLD as a predictor of IR.
Homeostasis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Male ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease* ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVES: We sought to examine the diverse factors associated with aneurysms of the posterior circulation. In addition, the results of conventional craniotomy were compared with those of endovascular treatment. METHODS: One hundred and one patients with posterior circulation aneurysms were selected for study inclusion. The factors that might affect the clinical outcomes were studied , such as the initial Hunt-Hess (H-H) grade, aneurysm location, size of the aneurysm, and therapeutic modalities. In addition, the morbidity and mortality rates were analyzed. The treatment outcomes were evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 6 months after the initial insult. RESULTS: The patient population consisted of 67 women and 34 men, with a mean age of 52 (range 28-81 years). The overall morbidity and mortality rates at 6 months were 13.9% (14/101) and 17.8% (18/101), respectively. Sixty-one operations (60.3%) were performed, and 32 patients were treated with endovascular therapy. Forty-two (85.7%) of the 49 patients that had initial H-H grades of I and II had a better prognosis (GOS more than 4) than those with poor H-H grades (P<0.001). Patients that underwent endovascular treatment had better outcomes than those that had clipping (P=0.032). There was no significant difference in outcome according to the size of the aneurysm, location of the aneurysm, or the age of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that the factors affecting the prognosis were the initial HH grade and treatment modality. Considering the very high mortality rate in patients with rebleeding, early management may help improve the prognosis of patients with posterior circulation aneurysms. Endovascular therapy should be considered the primary treatment modality in patients with posterior circulation aneurysms.
Aneurysm ; Craniotomy ; Female ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Male ; Prognosis

Schwannomas are relatively common, benign tumors that are thought to arise from the nerve sheath cell. Schwannomas of the C1 root are extremely rare and seldom invade lateral masses because they gradually increase in size and can extend through the wide space behind the lateral mass instead of the intervertebral foramen. We present here an unusual case of a benign schwannoma that aggressively invaded the lateral mass of C-1.
Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neurilemmoma/*pathology ; Spinal Neoplasms/*pathology ; Spinal Nerve Roots/*pathology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypercholesterolemia is a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis. We sought to evaluate the relation between hypercholesterolemia and plaque composition in patients with coronary artery disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Study subjects consisted of 323 patients (mean 61.5 years, 226 males) who underwent coronary angiography and virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound examination. Patients were divided into two groups according to total cholesterol level: hypercholesterolemic group (> or =200 mg/dL, n=114) and normocholesterolemic group (<200 mg/dL, n=209). RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic patients were younger (59.7+/-13.3 years vs. 62.6+/-11.5 years, p=0.036), than normocholesterolemic patients, whereas there were no significant differences in other demographics. Hypercholesterolemic patients had higher corrected necrotic core volume (1.23+/-0.85 mm3/mm vs. 1.02+/-0.80 mm3/mm, p=0.029) as well as percent necrotic core volume (20.5+/-8.5% vs. 18.0+/-9.2%, p=0.016) than normocholesterolemic patients. At the minimal lumen area site, percent necrotic core area (21.4+/-10.5% vs. 18.4+/-11.3%, p=0.019) and necrotic core area (1.63+/-1.09 mm2 vs. 1.40+/-1.20 mm2, p=0.088) were also higher than normocholesterolemic patients. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that total cholesterol level was an independent factor of percent necrotic core volume in the culprit lesion after being adjusted with age, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol , hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and acute coronary syndrome (beta 0.027, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.053, p=0.037). CONCLUSION: Hypercholesterolemia was associated with increased necrotic core volume in coronary artery plaque. This study suggests that hypercholesterolemia plays a role in making plaque more complex, which is characterized by a large necrotic core, in coronary artery disease.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Atherosclerosis ; Cholesterol ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; Demography ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Hypertension ; Linear Models ; Smoking