No abstract available.
Leiomyoma*

PURPOSE: To construct new Korean reference curves for birth weight by sex and gestational age using contemporary Korean birth weight data and to compare them with the Lubchenco and the 2010 United States (US) intrauterine growth curves. METHODS: Data of 2,336,727 newborns by the Korean Statistical Information Service (2008-2012) were used. Smoothed percentile curves were created by the Lambda Mu Sigma method using subsample of singleton. The new Korean reference curves were compared with the Lubchenco and the 2010 US intrauterine growth curves. RESULTS: Reference of the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles birth weight by gestational age were made using 2,249,804 (male, 1,159,070) singleton newborns with gestational age 23-43 weeks. Separate birth weight curves were constructed for male and female. The Korean reference curves are similar to the 2010 US intrauterine growth curves. However, the cutoff values for small for gestational age (<10th percentile) of the new Korean curves differed from those of the Lubchenco curves for each gestational age. The Lubchenco curves underestimated the percentage of infants who were born small for gestational age. CONCLUSION: The new Korean reference curves for birth weight show a different pattern from the Lubchenco curves, which were made from white neonates more than 60 years ago. Further research on short-term and long-term health outcomes of small for gestational age babies based on the new Korean reference data is needed.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Birth Weight* ; Female ; Gestational Age* ; Growth Charts ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Information Services* ; Male ; United States

During temporomandibular joint (TMJ) formation, discomalleolar ligament (DML) and anterior malleolar ligament (AML) are formed within the dorsal end of the 1st branchial arch. But, DML is known as a remnant or the degenerated tissue through the TMJ development. There is few reports said that damage of AML and DML cause the damage of middle ear during surgical procedures. Especially, in case of anterior disk displacement of TMJ, aural symptom can be made via DML due to hyperextension anteriorly. A few studies have been reported about DML and AML in embryological and histological points of view, morphology and clinical aspects of DML and AML are still unclear. Four fetuses and sixteen adult hemi -sectioned heads were dissected to clarify the topographical relationship of AML and DML and to find out the anatomico -clinical relevance related with temporomandibular disorder. In fetal specimens, DML was firmly attached from the disk of the TMJ to the malleus. Also, AML in which distinguished into the superior and inferior lamellae was running anteriorly and continuous with the sphenomandibular ligament (SML) through the future petrotympanic fissure (PTF). DML attached to the malleus was observed in all adult specimens and was expanded broadly to the disk and capsule of the TMJ as shown the V -shaped ligament structures. The average distance between the anterior aspects of the malleolar head to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity was 1.13 mm(0.75 ~1.59), and the length of the DML from the anterior aspect of the malleolar head to the attached site to the TMJ capsule at the PTF was 5.37 mm (4.53 ~6.07). The average width of the DML at the PTF was 6.06 mm (4.72 ~7.46). Most of the posterior attachments of the DML were the cases in which DML was directly attached to the malleus (68.7%). In all specimens, DML was attached to the disk and capsule of TMJ and attached to the anteromedial border of the PTF concurrently. In this study, two morphological patterns of AML were observed according to the presence of the bony ridge on the Huguiers canal in the PTF. The bony ridge of the Huguiers canal showed DML and AML separately in 56.3%, and the fused pattern of DML and AML was observed in 43.7%. AML was not distinguished with two lamellae in most specimens, superior ligament fibers were attached to the anteromedial border of the PTF and most of the inferior lamella was entering the gap in PTF and continuous with the SML. Average length from the anterior aspect of the malleolar head to the exit point of the AML on the PTF was 8.40 mm(6.62 ~11.42), and the shortest distance between the AML and chorda tympani was 2.01 mm(1.25 ~3.02). Taken all together, DML and AML were not the rudimentary, but the distinguishable structures in adults. Through the various morphological findings, DML and AML were separated ligamentous structures in which might be given rise from the divergent origin. And the anterior hyperextension of the disk of TMJ did not lead the movement of the malleus in the tympanic cavity, whereas, the movement of the malleus followed by the traction of the AML and SML was observed in a few cases. So, this results can be explained the possibility of the clinical symptom on the middle ear in case of the over -traction of the AML and SML.
Adult* ; Branchial Region ; Chorda Tympani Nerve ; Ear, Middle ; Fetus* ; Head ; Humans* ; Ligaments* ; Malleus ; Running ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders ; Traction

Primary hyperparathyroidism is rarely encountered during pregnancy but its prompt diagnosis and treatment if encountered during pregnancy is important because it can carry considerable morbidity not only for the mother but also for the fetus. It tends to remain undiagnosed because 50~80% of the patients are asymptomatic. Even if they do demonstrate symptoms, those are often nonspecific. The other reason for non-diagnosis is masking of hypercalcemia due to the change of calcium homeostasis during pregnancy. Neonatal tetany can be a clue for the presence and diagnosis maternal hyperparathyroidism. The asymptomatic patient who is diagnosed postpartum when her newborn is symptomatic should undergo elective parathyroidectomy to avoid future complication. We experienced a woman with undiagnosed primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy whose two children suffered neonatal tetany. We report this case along with a review of literature on primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy and calcium homeostasis during pregnancy.
Calcium ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fetus ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypercalcemia ; Hyperparathyroidism* ; Hyperparathyroidism, Primary ; Infant, Newborn ; Masks ; Mothers ; Parathyroidectomy ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy* ; Tetany*

PURPOSE: Establishing the preoperative stage of colorectal cancer is of primary importance in determining the management and the operative procedure. A comparative study of preoperative evaluation of colorectal cancer is necessary for proper management. METHODS: This study reports a 7 years' experience using another two species of CT for preoperative staging. One species of CT (1989, Delta 2060, Technicare, USA) was used from January 1990 to December 1992; the other species of CT (1992, Highlight Advantage, General Electric Company, USA) was used from January 1993 to December 1997. This study included retrospective analysis of 237 cases of colorectal cancer from January 1990 to December 1997. In first group, the preoperative stage evaluation was done with a much older species of CT from January 1990 to December 1992; in the other group, the preoperative stage evaluation was done with a newer species of CT from January 1993 to December 1997. RESULT: The accuracy & sensitivity of preoperative staging between the two groups showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: CT is recommended in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer and as an aid in choosing the appropriate therapy. In addition to CT, transrectal ultrasonography and MRI are recommend for improving the accuracy of preoperative staging in assessing local invasion by cancer.
Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Ultrasonography

The toxic effect of azalea extract, especially on cardiovascular system, in relatively unclear. The purpose of this study is to study the possible underlying mechanism and effect of toxic ingredient of azalea on cardiovascular system. The 71 healthy rabbits were divided into 10 groups: In group as preliminary study; 4 cc of normal saline was administered intravenously (N); 0.7 gm/kg and 1.0 gm/kg of azalea extract was administered respectively in the same route, volume (A1, A2); atropine was administered intravenously (A); after pretreatment with atropine (0.04 mg/kg) to block parasympathetic system, azalea extract was injected like the above groups (AA1, AA2); normal saline, 0.7 gm/kg and 1.0 gm/kg of azalea extract were administered respectively with 0.2 cc (1:1000) epinephrine (E0, E1, E2). We measured the following indices at I minute interval during first 10 minutes and then 10 minute interval during next 30 minutes: RR interval, QTc interval, maximal systolic and diastolic pressure drop with occurring time and presence of significant arrhythmia. The results were as follows: 1. The changes of RR interval, QTc interval were significantly increased in groups by Azalea extract. The blood pressure change was significantly decreased in groups by Azalea extract. There were no significant differences according to dosage of Azalea extract. 2. The changes of RR interval, blood pressure were significant differences between administration of atropine and Azalea extract after pretreatment with atropine, but not in the change of QTc interval. 3. There were no significant differences in the change of RR interval, ATc interval, blood pressure drop according to pretreatment with atropine. 4. The interaction between epinephrine and Azalea extract was not noted by the effect of epinephrine itself. 5. The ST change by 0.7 gm/kg, 1.0 gm/kg of Azalea extract was revealed in 1 case (14.0%), 7 case (100%), respectively. 6. Most of all cases with arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, were noted in the group by epinephrine, except on case by Azalea extract (1.0 gm/kg). It was idioventricular rhythm. In conclusion, azalea extract has negative inotropic and chronotropic effect with arrhythmogenic potential possibly through direct myocardial ischemia or injury but we can't be absolutely exclusive of actions of autonomic nervous system, especially parasympathetic nervous system.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Atropine ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System* ; Epinephrine ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Parasympathetic Nervous System ; Rabbits ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Ventricular Fibrillation

It has been reported that repetitive brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion (ischemic preconditioning, IP) cause a significant reduction in the extent of myocardial necrosis or in the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias in rat heart. However, recent reports have stated that IP effect is diminished or lost in the canine or bovine heart if ischemia (mostly regional) is sustained for 40 min or longer. The main objective of this study is to assess whether IP provides myocardial protection in prolonged sustained ischemia under the condition of global ischemia in isolated rabbit heart. The hearts were subjected to 10-60 min sustained ischemia (SI) followed by 60 min reperfusion with (IP heart) or without IP (ISCH heart). IP was induced by 4 cycles of 5 min global ischemia and 5 min reperfusion. Left ventricular function (LVF), extent of infarction (EI) and ultrastructural changes were examined. As a whole, the LVF began to recover on reperfusion but there was no significant difference in the functional parameters. However, extracellular Ca2+ concentration was lower in the ISCH hearts (p <0.05) and the EI was significantly different between the hearts which had received 60 min SI (67% in the ISCH versus 32% in the IP heart, p <0.01). Ultrastructural changes were homogeneous in the ISCH hearts and became irreversible in accordance with increase of the duration of ischemia, while these changes were heterogeneous and restricted in the IP heart. These results suggest that IP does not attenuate the postischemic dysfunction in prolonged ischemia but it can provide an infarct size-limiting effect and delay ultrastructural changes. This cardioprotective effect may be related to calcium homeostasis.
Animal ; Arrhythmia/prevention & control ; Calcium/metabolism ; Extracellular Space/metabolism ; Female ; Heart/physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control ; Myocardial Ischemia/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/*prevention & control ; Myocardium/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; Necrosis ; Rabbits ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Time Factors ; Ventricular Function, Left/physiology

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Proteinuria*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) in the coronal images of high-resolution temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT) and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of coronal images for SSCD syndrome. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed high-resolution TBCT scans of 217 patients (434 ears) with SSCD due to various causes. The dehiscence ratio (slices showing dehiscence/total slices showing the superior semicircular canal) in the coronal images of TBCT was calculated, and the optimal cutoff value for the diagnosis of SSCD syndrome was determined using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Of the 434 ears, 64 (14.7%) presented SSCD in more than one slice of the coronal images of TBCT, but only three patients (0.7%) were confirmed with SSCD syndrome. Based on the ROC curve analysis for the dehiscence ratio of 64 ears, the optimal cutoff value for the diagnosis of SSCD syndrome was 0.67 with 100% sensitivity and 90.2% specificity. CONCLUSION: The majority of cases diagnosed with SSCD syndrome using the coronal images of TBCT were asymptomatic or false-positive. The dehiscence ratio in the coronal images of TBCT combined with a typical symptom can be a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for SSCD syndrome.
Diagnosis ; Ear ; Humans ; Methods ; Prevalence* ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Semicircular Canals* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Temporal Bone*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acceptable noise level (ANL) test has been developed as a method to measure the background noise acceptance when listening to speech presented at the most comfortable level. The study was aimed to investigate normal-hearing in young subjects’ performance on ANL test and to evaluate the relationship between ANL and auditory evoked potentials. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Fifty-three young adults (23 male and 30 female; aged 21 to 39 years) with normal hearing participated in this study. ANL and auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests were administered to subjects who were certified by pure tone audiometry that they had normal hearing threshold. RESULTS: The ANL test showed a large inter-subject variability in the acceptance of back-ground noise, ranging from -5 to 15 dB with the mean of ANL of 5.0±4.1 dB (4.5±4.5 dB in male and 5.4±3.8 dB in female). The mean most comfortable listening level was 35.2±5.3 dB, and the mean background noise level was 30.2±6.1 dB. There were no significant differences between male and female in the parameters of ANL test. There were no differences between the subjects with low versus high ANLs and ABR latencies. CONCLUSION: We obtained the normative data of the ANL test administered to Korean young adults with normal hearing. There is no relationship between ANL and the latency of ABR in this study population.
Audiometry ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem* ; Female ; Hearing* ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Noise* ; Young Adult