PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to estimate total sugar intake and sugar intake-related dietary habit and nutrient intake of elementary school students. METHODS: Subjects included 701 elementary school students (351 boys and 350 girls) residing in Jeju. The research analyzed a sample and was carried out using the 24 hour recall method and one day consumption of total sugar. RESULTS: The average daily total sugar intake was 55.3 g (male 53.1 g, female 57.6 g). Total sugar intake per meal was 6.3 g (11.4%) from breakfast, 6.9 g (12.5%) from lunch, and 7.2 g (13.0%) from dinner, 34.9 g (63.1%). Major food groups of total sugar were milks (17.04 g), grains and their products (12.79 g), fruits and their products (9.40 g), and sugars and sweets (7.30 g). In analysis of the amount of total sugar consumption from several recipes, much was taken in from dessert and snacks such as dairy products (15.08 g), bread and snacks (6.4 g), beverages (5.5 g), fruits (5.1 g), and ice cakes (4.8 g). Total sugar consumption was high for rices and side dishes such as noodles (5.1 g), stir-fried foods (2.3 g), fried foods (1.4 g), cooked rice with seasoning (1.4 g), and hard-boiled foods (1.1 g). In comparison of total sugar consumption for sugar sources, daily intake of natural sugar, added sugar, and natural and added sugar were 25.8 g, 23.3 g, and 6.2 g, respectively. High sugar intake group, which was over 20% of the energy from total sugar intakes, consumed significantly less Fe, Zn, and niacin than the low sugar intake group, which was below 20%. CONCLUSION: Total sugar intake of fifth graders of elementary schools on Jeju Island was 55.4 g/day, and it was usually intake from snacks. Therefore, elementary school students need nutritional education for proper selection of better snacks and for reduction of dietary sugar intake.
Beverages ; Bread ; Breakfast ; Carbohydrates* ; Edible Grain ; Dairy Products ; Education ; Female ; Food Habits ; Fruit ; Humans ; Ice ; Lunch ; Meals ; Milk ; Niacin ; Seasons ; Snacks

We report a rare cause of lung cavities, occurring in a patient with intrapulmonary cystic teratoma. Computed tomography (CT) provided us more detailed informations about the tumor characteristics containing fat and calcification, which could not be distinguished on the plain radiographs. In addition, CTscans clearly demonstrated the dilated anterior segmental bronchus of the left upper lobe entering the posterior aspect of the cavity.
Bronchi ; Humans ; Lung* ; Teratoma*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the frequency and clinical characteristics of premenstrual syndrome(PMS)/premenstrual dysphoric disorder(PMDD) in high school students, and determine the correlates of PMS/PMDD in association with comorbid depression and anxiety. METHODS: A total of 1688 students were recruited from 5 high schools in Seoul, Korea. Subjects completed the questionnaire composed of scales to measure premenstrual symptoms, depression, and anxiety, as well as sociodemographic and reproductive variables. Subjects were categorized into 3 groups by using the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool(PSST) to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of PMS/PMDD. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the correlates of PMS/PMDD. RESULTS: The frequency of moderate to severe PMS and PMDD was 20.1% and 6.4%, respectively. Irritability (78.8%), fatigue(76.4%), and emotional sensitivity(69.8%) were common premenstrual symptoms, and functional impairment in academic performance(67.1%) was dominant. Dysmenorrhea[odd ratio(OR)=3.68, 95% confidence interval(CI) 2.45-5.55], family history of PMS(OR=1.91, 95% CI 1.35-2.71), and use of oral contraceptive (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.16-2.94) were associated with the increased risk of PMS/PMDD after adjustment for depression and anxiety. Negative attitude to menses(OR=15.60, 95% CI 3.61-67.42) was associated with the increased risk of PMS/PMDD, particularly in subjects without depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: PMS was common, as the frequency of PMS more than moderate severity including PMDD exceeded 25%, and disrupted daily functioning in adolescents. PMS is associated with various sociodemographic and menstrual characteristics, and these associations are affected by comorbid depression and anxiety.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: We surveyed this study for knowing the relation within stress, depression and medical comorbidities, and finding the risk factors of major depression. METHODS: 1764 subjects were enrolled from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2009 who visit Korea University Guro hospital healthcare center. The subjects answered the questionnaire of PSS(Perceived Stress Scale), PHQ-9(Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and the demographic data. We categorized them as the stress group, depressive group, medical comorbidity group and analyzed the correlation analyses and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: 198 of 1764 subjects(11.8%) were applied to major depression, and the depressive group showed the higher mean stress score(23.19) and mean depression score(12.95) than the normal group. The total PHQ-9 score was increased by perceiving more stress, having more medical comorbidities. The subjects with female, visiting due to recent health problems, irregular exercise, current smoking, history of angina and cerebrovascular disease showed the increased risk of major depression. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we find the PSS, PHQ-9 were valuable for mental health screening in healthcare center. As perceiving more stress and having more medical comorbidity, risk of major depression were increased. Accordingly the individuals with medical diseases or unhealthy lifestyle would need the mental health screen.
Comorbidity ; Delivery of Health Care ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to estimate total sugar intake and sugar intake-related dietary habit and nutrient intake of middle school students. METHODS: Subjects included 1,184 middle school students (476 males and 708 females) residing in Jeju. This research analyzed daily dietary intakes of subjects using the 24 hour recall method and surveyed the dietary habit related to total sugar intake using questionnaires. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, t-test, and ANOVA, using the SAS program were used for analysis of data. RESULTS: The average daily total sugar intake was 60.3 g (male 50.5 g, female 66.9 g). Total sugar intake per meal was 6.5 g (10.8%) from breakfast, 9.0 g (14.9%) from lunch, 11.8 g (19.6%) from dinner, and 33.0 g (54.7%) from snacks. Food groups that contribute to the majority of total sugar intake were grains and their products (23.0 g), milk (11.0 g), fruits and their products (7.3 g), sugars and sweets (6.1 g), and vegetables and their products (5.8 g). In terms of total sugar intakes by cooking methods, desserts showed a greater amount than main and side dishes, and indicated in order of amount as follows: bread and cookies (11.5 g), dairy products (7.5 g), ice cakes (6.2 g), beverages (5.3 g), and fruits (4.5 g). Total sugar consumption was high for rice and side dishes such as noodles (10.2 g), fried foods (2.9 g), stir-fried foods (2.0 g), and cooked rice with seasoning (1.7 g). The daily intake of natural sugar, added sugar, and natural and added sugar was 18.3 g, 35.8 g, and 6.2 g, respectively. The high sugar intake group, which was over 20% of the energy from total sugar intakes, consumed significantly less Fe, Zn, vitamin B6, niacin, and vitamin E than the low sugar intake group, which was below 20%. CONCLUSION: Total sugar intake of second graders of middle schools on Jeju Island was 60.3 g/day, mostly obtained from snacks (54.7%). Therefore, nutritional education for proper selection of better snacks and for reduction of dietary sugar intake is needed for middle school students.
Beverages ; Bread ; Breakfast ; Carbohydrates ; Edible Grain ; Cooking ; Dairy Products ; Education ; Female ; Food Habits ; Fruit ; Humans ; Ice ; Lunch ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Niacin ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seasons ; Snacks ; Vegetables ; Vitamin B 6 ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

From April 1 to July 30, 1989, we studied 188 subjects(male 25, female 163) with suspected dry eye based on their clinical symptoms and their response to conventional treatment with artificial tear. Schirmer Test and Tear break-up time measurement(B.U.T.) were performed on each patient. There have been many reports that Schirmer test and B.U.T. measurement can be influenced by many enviromental factors and testing methods so the question of their relative value has not yet been sloved. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of clinical symptoms and signs in diagnosing dry eye. Demographic aspect of dry eye patients in Korea was also analysed. The results were as follows: 1. The sex distribution was 163 females(87%) and 25 males(13%). There were absolutely more females than males. 2. The ages ranged from 15 to 83 years old. The peak age was from 41 to 50 years(29%). 3. Among 163 female patients, the majority 103(63%) were menopausal and postmenopausal females. 4. Among major chief clinical complaints, foreign body sensation showed the highest frequency with 67 patients(35%). 5. Major aggravating factor of the disese was prolonged use of eye which showed highest frequency with 122 patients(65%). 6. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean value of BU.T. and Schirmer test between right left eye(p<0.05). 7. In the majority of the cases 153(82%) the B.U.T. and Schirmer test value were 8 sec and 8mm or below respectively.
Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Sensation ; Sex Distribution ; Tears

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of guava leaf extract (GLE) supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activity and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: All animals were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 7 for each group): non-ovariectomized control (Sham), the ovariectomized control (OVX), ovariectomy + 150 mg/kg b.w. of GLE (OVX·GL), and ovariectomy + 300 mg/kg b.w. of GLE (OVX·GH). Treatment groups were administered GLE for 8 weeks every day. RESULTS: Body weight gain was significantly reduced in the OVX·GL group compared with the OVX group (p < 0.05). The level of serum 17β-estradiol (E2) was significantly lower in the OVX groups than the Sham group (p < 0.05). Serum triglyceride (TG) and HDL-cholesterol levels were not significantly different between all groups. However, serum total cholesterol (TC) level was significantly reduced in the OVX·GH group compared with the OVX group (p < 0.05). Serum free fatty acid (FFA) level and liver TG level were significantly reduced in both OVX·GL and OVX·GH groups compared with the OVX group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly elevated in the GLE groups (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression level of GPx was not affected by ovariectomy. However, administration of GLE resulted in significantly increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and catalase (CAT) mRNA expression levels in the liver (p < 0.05). In addition, liver nitric oxide (NO) level was significantly reduced in the OVX·GH group compared with the OVX group (p < 0.05). Expression level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was significantly elevated in the OVX·GH group compared with the OVX group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GLE could have protective effects in OVX rats by stimulating eNOS expression and improving the antioxidant defense system.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Catalase ; Cholesterol ; Female ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Liver ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; Ovariectomy ; Psidium* ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger ; Triglycerides

Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. Only four species of Plasmodium can infect human, which are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum. We experienced four cases of the imported falciparum malaria in children who were admitted due to fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lethargic state, and/or altered mentality after traveling Kenya and Tanzania without chemoprophylaxis. Two of them were diagnosed as the cerebral malaria. Their peripheral blood smear films show multiple ring forms of P. falciparum, gametocytes in the erythrocytes, and malarial pigments in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. They are treated by quinine without complication. Recently, as the international travelers tended to be increasing, the incidence of the imported malaria was increasing in Korea. Therefore we should be established the strategies for the prevention and the treatment of the imported malaria.
Abdominal Pain ; Anopheles ; Chemoprevention ; Child* ; Culicidae ; Cytoplasm ; Diarrhea ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kenya ; Korea ; Malaria* ; Malaria, Cerebral ; Neutrophils ; Plasmodium ; Quinine ; Tanzania ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Plasma Exchange* ; Plasma* ; Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic*

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore the relationship among fatigue and perceived stress, depressive mood in the working population. We also examined associations with demographic and life style factors and investigated the effect of individual coping skills on these associations. METHODS: Fatigue Severity Scale(FSS), Perceived Stress Scale(PSS), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument - Korean version(BEPSI-K), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Stress Coping Skill Questionnaire were administered to 621 civil servants. All of above and other demographic factors are self-administered questionnaire survey and this study is cross sectional. RESULTS: Mean FSS score was 3.04 which was lower than 3.22, the severity cut off score. FSS, PSS, BEPSI-K, BDI were all higher in female. Subjects with active coping skills showed relatively low fatigue, perceived stress, depressive mood than those with passive coping skills. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the PSS, BDI, BEPSI-K in working population increase the risk of fatigue and regular exercise lowers the risk. CONCLUSIONS: Adults who were afflicted by stress, experienced depressive mood or were physically inactive were at much higher risk of feeling fatigue. Since no other large data sets are available for fatigue, the results from this study could serve a very useful purpose, to furnish a basis for comparison with future research results based on more complete data.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Dataset ; Demography ; Depression ; Fatigue* ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Questionnaires